Writers and Authors

Job Zone

Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed

Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.

Job Zones group occupations into one of five categories based on the education, experience, and training typically needed to perform them.

Tasks

Specific duties and responsibilities regularly performed in this occupation.

Write fiction or nonfiction prose, such as short stories, novels, biographies, articles, descriptive or critical analyses, and essays.93
Revise written material to meet personal standards and to satisfy needs of clients, publishers, directors, or producers.93
Present drafts and ideas to clients.92
Edit or rewrite existing written material as necessary, and submit written material for approval by supervisor, editor, or publisher.92
Conduct research to obtain factual information and authentic detail, using sources such as newspaper accounts, diaries, and interviews.91
Vary language and tone of messages based on product and medium.88
Write articles, bulletins, sales letters, speeches, and other related informative, marketing and promotional material.88
Write advertising material for use by publication, broadcast, or internet media to promote the sale of goods and services.85
Write to customers in their terms and on their level so that the script, story, or advertisement message is more readily received.84
Prepare works in appropriate format for publication, and send them to publishers or producers.84
Plan project arrangements or outlines, and organize material accordingly.78
Conduct research and interviews to determine which of a product's selling features should be promoted.77

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Discuss with the client the product, advertising themes and methods, and any changes that should be made in advertising copy.73
Work with staff to develop script, story, or advertising concepts.66
Consult with sales, media and marketing representatives to obtain information on product or service and discuss style and length of advertising written material.61
Follow appropriate procedures to get copyrights for completed work.59
Collaborate with other writers on specific projects.55
Review advertising trends, consumer surveys, and other data regarding marketing of goods and services to determine the best way to promote products.55
Develop advertising campaigns for a wide range of clients, working with an advertising agency's creative director and art director to determine the best way to present advertising information.50
Invent names for products and write the slogans that appear on packaging, brochures and other promotional material.44

Skills

Developed capacities that facilitate learning or the more rapid acquisition of knowledge.

Writing100
Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
Reading Comprehension78
Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
Active Listening69
Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
Speaking69
Talking to others to convey information effectively.
Time Management69
Managing one's own time and the time of others.
Critical Thinking66
Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
Complex Problem Solving53
Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
Judgment and Decision Making53
Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Active Learning50
Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
Persuasion50
Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
Social Perceptiveness50
Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
Coordination47
Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.

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Monitoring47
Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
Negotiation44
Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
Learning Strategies41
Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
Service Orientation41
Actively looking for ways to help people.
Instructing38
Teaching others how to do something.
Management of Personnel Resources31
Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
Systems Analysis28
Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
Systems Evaluation25
Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
Programming19
Writing computer programs for various purposes.
Technology Design16
Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
Mathematics10
Using mathematics to solve problems.
Quality Control Analysis10
Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
Operations Analysis6
Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
Operations Monitoring6
Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
Management of Financial Resources3
Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.
Management of Material Resources3
Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
Equipment Maintenance0
Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
Equipment Selection0
Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Installation0
Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
Operation and Control0
Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
Repairing0
Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
Science0
Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
Troubleshooting0
Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.

Knowledge

Organized sets of principles and facts that apply in general domains.

English Language99
Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.
Communications and Media86
Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
Administrative55
Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.
Computers and Electronics49
Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
Sales and Marketing49
Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
Customer and Personal Service47
Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
Administration and Management44
Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
Psychology37
Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
Economics and Accounting32
Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.
Education and Training29
Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
Law and Government29
Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
Telecommunications29
Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.

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Design28
Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.
Fine Arts26
Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.
Sociology and Anthropology26
Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.
Geography24
Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
Mathematics24
Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
Personnel and Human Resources24
Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
History and Archeology22
Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.
Philosophy and Theology19
Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.
Foreign Language16
Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
Production and Processing15
Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
Medicine and Dentistry13
Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.
Transportation13
Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
Engineering and Technology12
Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
Biology8
Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
Public Safety and Security8
Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
Therapy and Counseling8
Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.
Chemistry5
Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
Physics5
Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.
Mechanical3
Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
Building and Construction1
Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
Food Production1
Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.

Abilities

Enduring attributes of the individual that influence performance.

Written Expression100
The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
Written Comprehension75
The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
Fluency of Ideas72
The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).
Oral Comprehension72
The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
Oral Expression72
The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
Originality72
The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
Speech Clarity63
The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
Near Vision60
The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
Speech Recognition60
The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
Inductive Reasoning56
The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
Category Flexibility53
The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
Deductive Reasoning53
The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.

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Selective Attention53
The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
Information Ordering50
The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
Problem Sensitivity50
The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.
Flexibility of Closure44
The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
Speed of Closure44
The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
Time Sharing31
The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
Perceptual Speed28
The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
Auditory Attention25
The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
Far Vision25
The ability to see details at a distance.
Memorization25
The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
Visual Color Discrimination25
The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
Visualization25
The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
Trunk Strength22
The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.
Hearing Sensitivity16
The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
Arm-Hand Steadiness13
The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
Control Precision13
The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
Finger Dexterity13
The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
Manual Dexterity13
The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
Mathematical Reasoning10
The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.
Number Facility10
The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
Wrist-Finger Speed10
The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
Dynamic Strength3
The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
Depth Perception0
The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
Dynamic Flexibility0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Explosive Strength0
The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
Extent Flexibility0
The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Glare Sensitivity0
The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
Gross Body Coordination0
The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
Gross Body Equilibrium0
The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
Multilimb Coordination0
The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
Night Vision0
The ability to see under low-light conditions.
Peripheral Vision0
The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
Rate Control0
The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
Reaction Time0
The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
Response Orientation0
The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
Sound Localization0
The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
Spatial Orientation0
The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
Speed of Limb Movement0
The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
Stamina0
The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
Static Strength0
The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.

Work Activities

General types of job behaviors occurring on multiple jobs.

Getting Information92
Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
Thinking Creatively92
Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
Working with Computers87
Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work86
Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others82
Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge81
Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
Communicating with People Outside the Organization79
Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships78
Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Documenting/Recording Information76
Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
Analyzing Data or Information75
Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates75
Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
Processing Information71
Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.

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Making Decisions and Solving Problems67
Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events66
Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
Scheduling Work and Activities64
Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
Developing Objectives and Strategies57
Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People53
Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
Performing Administrative Activities52
Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards45
Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
Selling or Influencing Others45
Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings44
Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others41
Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
Providing Consultation and Advice to Others39
Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
Developing and Building Teams37
Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others36
Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
Coaching and Developing Others35
Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
Training and Teaching Others33
Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information30
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates30
Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
Monitoring and Controlling Resources25
Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public25
Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
Assisting and Caring for Others17
Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment17
Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials11
Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment9
Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.
Performing General Physical Activities8
Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
Staffing Organizational Units8
Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
Controlling Machines and Processes7
Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
Handling and Moving Objects5
Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment4
Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment4
Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.

Work Styles

Personal characteristics that can affect how well someone performs a job.

Innovation95
A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on ways to accomplish work.
Achievement Orientation65
A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.
Intellectual Curiosity63
A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.
Dependability61
A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.
Initiative60
A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.
Adaptability58
A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas at work.
Self-Confidence57
A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.
Tolerance for Ambiguity57
A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
Perseverance54
A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.
Attention to Detail51
A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
Social Orientation45
A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
Optimism38
A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even under difficult circumstances.

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Empathy36
A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feelings at work.
Stress Tolerance36
A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
Cooperation34
A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
Sincerity28
A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.
Integrity27
A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
Self-Control27
A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.
Leadership Orientation24
A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.

Interests (RIASEC)

Holland's six occupational interest types (RIASEC) this work tends to attract.

Artistic95
Work involves creating original visual artwork, performances, written works, food, or music for a variety of media, or applying artistic principles to the design of various objects and materials. Artistic occupations are often associated with visual arts, applied arts and design, performing arts, music, creative writing, media, or culinary art.
Enterprising63
Work involves managing, negotiating, marketing, or selling, typically in a business setting, or leading or advising people in political and legal situations. Enterprising occupations are often associated with business initiatives, sales, marketing/advertising, finance, management/administration, professional advising, public speaking, politics, or law.
Conventional39
Work involves following procedures and regulations to organize information or data, typically in a business setting. Conventional occupations are often associated with office work, accounting, mathematics/statistics, information technology, finance, or human resources.
Investigative38
Work involves studying and researching non-living objects, living organisms, disease or other forms of impairment, or human behavior. Investigative occupations are often associated with physical, life, medical, or social sciences, and can be found in the fields of humanities, mathematics/statistics, information technology, or health care service.
Social31
Work involves helping, teaching, advising, assisting, or providing service to others. Social occupations are often associated with social, health care, personal service, teaching/education, or religious activities.
Realistic0
Work involves designing, building, or repairing of equipment, materials, or structures, engaging in physical activity, or working outdoors. Realistic occupations are often associated with engineering, mechanics and electronics, construction, woodworking, transportation, machine operation, agriculture, animal services, physical or manual labor, athletics, or protective services.

Work Context

Physical and social factors that influence the nature of work.

E-Mail
- Every day89%
Spend Time Sitting
- Continually or almost continually79%
- More than half the time21%
Time Pressure
- Every day63%
- Once a week or more but not every day32%
Freedom to Make Decisions
- A lot of freedom63%
- Some freedom26%
- Limited freedom11%
Importance of Being Exact or Accurate
- Extremely important63%
- Very important26%
- Important11%
Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals
- A lot of freedom58%
- Some freedom32%
- Limited freedom11%
Level of Competition
- Extremely competitive37%
- Highly competitive47%
- Moderately competitive16%
Telephone Conversations
- Every day28%
- Once a week or more but not every day50%
- Once a year or more but not every month17%
Indoors, Environmentally Controlled
- Every day61%
- Once a month or more but not every week11%
- Never22%
Importance of Repeating Same Tasks
- Extremely important47%
- Very important16%
- Important16%
- Not important at all21%
Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team
- Extremely important32%
- Very important16%
- Important32%
- Fairly important21%
Written Letters and Memos
- Every day44%
- Once a week or more but not every day11%
- Once a month or more but not every week17%
- Once a year or more but not every month17%
- Never11%

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Contact With Others
- Constant contact with others26%
- Contact with others most of the time21%
- Contact with others about half the time32%
- Occasional contact with others21%
Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions
- Continually or almost continually39%
- More than half the time17%
- Less than half the time11%
- Never28%
Duration of Typical Work Week
- More than 40 hours29%
- 40 hours53%
- Less than 40 hours18%
Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results
- Very important results11%
- Important results37%
- Moderate results21%
- Minor results26%
Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams
- Every day11%
- Once a week or more but not every day33%
- Once a month or more but not every week22%
- Once a year or more but not every month17%
- Never17%
Frequency of Decision Making
- Every day11%
- Once a week or more but not every day32%
- Once a month or more but not every week21%
- Once a year or more but not every month26%
- Never11%
Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls
- Continually or almost continually47%
- Never47%
Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers
- Very high responsibility11%
- High responsibility26%
- Limited responsibility32%
- No responsibility26%
Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities
- Extremely important11%
- Very important16%
- Important21%
- Fairly important16%
- Not important at all37%
Consequence of Error
- Extremely serious11%
- Serious17%
- Fairly serious33%
- Not serious at all33%
Work Schedules
- Irregular (changes with weather conditions, production demands, or contract duration)63%
- Regular (established routine, set schedule)37%
Conflict Situations
- Once a month or more but not every week26%
- Once a year or more but not every month53%
- Never21%
Physical Proximity
- Slightly close (e.g., shared office)32%
- I work with others but not closely (e.g., private office)21%
- I don't work near other people (beyond 100 ft.)42%
Public Speaking
- Once a month or more but not every week17%
- Once a year or more but not every month50%
- Never28%
Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People
- Once a month or more but not every week11%
- Once a year or more but not every month68%
- Never21%
Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable
- Every day11%
- Once a month or more but not every week16%
- Once a year or more but not every month16%
- Never58%
Deal With External Customers or the Public in General
- Very important11%
- Important11%
- Not important at all67%
Spend Time Standing
- Less than half the time63%
- Never32%
In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment
- Once a month or more but not every week21%
- Once a year or more but not every month11%
- Never63%
Degree of Automation
- Moderately automated16%
- Slightly automated21%
- Not at all automated63%
Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions
- Once a month or more but not every week11%
- Once a year or more but not every month32%
- Never58%
Outdoors, Under Cover
- Once a month or more but not every week11%
- Once a year or more but not every month32%
- Never58%
Health and Safety of Other Workers
- Moderate responsibility11%
- Limited responsibility21%
- No responsibility68%
Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions
- Once a year or more but not every month21%
- Never74%
Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled
- Once a year or more but not every month37%
- Never63%
Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions
- Once a year or more but not every month21%
- Never74%
Spend Time Walking or Running
- Less than half the time32%
- Never68%
In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment
- Once a year or more but not every month16%
- Never79%
Exposed to Contaminants
- Once a year or more but not every month21%
- Never79%
Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People
- Once a year or more but not every month16%
- Never84%
Exposed to Disease or Infections
- Once a year or more but not every month16%
- Never84%
Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings
- Never89%
Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body
- Never89%
Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets
- Once a year or more but not every month16%
- Never84%
Exposed to Hazardous Conditions
- Once a year or more but not every month11%
- Never89%
Exposed to Hazardous Equipment
- Once a year or more but not every month11%
- Never89%
Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures
- Once a year or more but not every month11%
- Never89%
Exposed to Whole Body Vibration
- Once a year or more but not every month11%
- Never89%
Exposed to Radiation
- Never94%
Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles
- Never95%
Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance
- Never95%
Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling
- Never95%
Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection
- Never95%
Exposed to High Places
- Never100%
Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment
- Not important at all100%

Typical Education Levels Reported

Education levels O*NET survey respondents in this occupation most often reported having.

Bachelor’s degree
Less than high school diploma
High school diploma or equivalent

Technology Skills

Specific software and technology tools commonly used on the job.

Video creation and editing software
Adobe After Effects, Flipgrid, TikTok, YouTube
Web page creation and editing software
Adobe Dreamweaver, Facebook, Web content management system CMS software, WordPress
Graphics or photo imaging software
Adobe Creative Cloud software, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, Canva
Presentation software
Adobe Persuasion, Corel Presentation, Google Slides, Microsoft PowerPoint
Desktop publishing software
Adobe InDesign, Campaign Monitor, QuarkXPress
Cloud-based data access and sharing software
Asana, Google Drive, Slack
Web platform development software
Drupal, Hypertext markup language HTML, PHP
Electronic mail software
Microsoft Outlook, SendGrid
Document management software
Adobe Acrobat, Microsoft SharePoint
Desktop communications software
Eko, ParentSquare
Office suite software
Google Workspace software, Microsoft Office software
Word processing software
Google Docs, Microsoft Word
Sales and marketing software
Google Ads, HubSpot software
Data base user interface and query software
FileMaker Pro, Microsoft Access
Spreadsheet software
Microsoft Excel
Customer relationship management CRM software
Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
Data base management system software
MySQL
Graphical user interface development software
Figma
Instant messaging software
Twitter
Data mining software
Google Analytics
Project management software
Microsoft Project
Industrial control software
Chatbot software

Professional Associations

Organizations related to this occupation, such as industry and licensing bodies.

Related Occupations

Occupations that call for similar work and worker requirements.

Detailed Work Activities

More specific, granular versions of the Work Activities above.

Write material for artistic or entertainment purposes.
Edit written materials.
Present work to clients for approval.
Conduct research to inform art, designs, or other work.
Write advertising or promotional material.
Coordinate artistic activities.
Conduct market research.
Confer with clients to determine needs.
Discuss production content and progress with others.
Collaborate with others in marketing activities.
Obtain copyrights or other legal permissions.
Collaborate with others to prepare or perform artistic productions.

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Monitor current trends.
Develop promotional strategies or plans.

This page incorporates information from O*NET Web Services by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA).

Based on federal labor and demographic data. Data source & methodology