Web Developers

Job Zone

Job Zone Three: Medium Preparation Needed

Most occupations in this zone require training in vocational schools, related on-the-job experience, or an associate's degree.

Job Zones group occupations into one of five categories based on the education, experience, and training typically needed to perform them.

Tasks

Specific duties and responsibilities regularly performed in this occupation.

Write supporting code for Web applications or Web sites.90
Design, build, or maintain Web sites, using authoring or scripting languages, content creation tools, management tools, and digital media.86
Back up files from Web sites to local directories for instant recovery in case of problems.84
Select programming languages, design tools, or applications.79
Evaluate code to ensure that it is valid, is properly structured, meets industry standards, and is compatible with browsers, devices, or operating systems.77
Develop databases that support Web applications and Web sites.76
Perform Web site tests according to planned schedules, or after any Web site or product revision.76
Perform or direct Web site updates.75
Maintain understanding of current Web technologies or programming practices through continuing education, reading, or participation in professional conferences, workshops, or groups.71
Analyze user needs to determine technical requirements.70
Monitor security system performance logs to identify problems and notify security specialists when problems occur.68
Respond to user email inquiries, or set up automated systems to send responses.67

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Renew domain name registrations.67
Confer with management or development teams to prioritize needs, resolve conflicts, develop content criteria, or choose solutions.65
Communicate with network personnel or Web site hosting agencies to address hardware or software issues affecting Web sites.64
Collaborate with management or users to develop e-commerce strategies and to integrate these strategies with Web sites.64
Document test plans, testing procedures, or test results.64
Establish appropriate server directory trees.62
Recommend and implement performance improvements.60
Document technical factors such as server load, bandwidth, database performance, and browser and device types.59
Develop or implement procedures for ongoing Web site revision.57
Create Web models or prototypes that include physical, interface, logical, or data models.55
Provide clear, detailed descriptions of Web site specifications, such as product features, activities, software, communication protocols, programming languages, and operating systems software and hardware.55
Evaluate or recommend server hardware or software.53
Install and configure hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) servers and associated operating systems.49
Research, document, rate, or select alternatives for Web architecture or technologies.44
Develop system interaction or sequence diagrams.43
Design and implement Web site security measures, such as firewalls and message encryption.—
Incorporate technical considerations into Web site design plans, such as budgets, equipment, performance requirements, and legal issues including accessibility and privacy.—

Skills

Developed capacities that facilitate learning or the more rapid acquisition of knowledge.

Programming78
Writing computer programs for various purposes.
Critical Thinking69
Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
Complex Problem Solving66
Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
Operations Analysis66
Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
Reading Comprehension66
Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
Active Learning63
Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
Active Listening63
Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
Judgment and Decision Making60
Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Speaking56
Talking to others to convey information effectively.
Systems Analysis53
Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
Writing53
Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
Coordination50
Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.

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Monitoring50
Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
Systems Evaluation50
Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
Time Management50
Managing one's own time and the time of others.
Learning Strategies47
Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
Persuasion47
Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
Service Orientation47
Actively looking for ways to help people.
Social Perceptiveness47
Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
Instructing44
Teaching others how to do something.
Mathematics44
Using mathematics to solve problems.
Negotiation44
Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
Quality Control Analysis44
Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
Technology Design38
Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
Management of Personnel Resources35
Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
Operations Monitoring31
Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
Troubleshooting28
Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
Equipment Selection25
Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Science25
Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
Management of Financial Resources19
Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.
Management of Material Resources19
Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
Operation and Control16
Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
Installation6
Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
Equipment Maintenance0
Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
Repairing0
Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

Knowledge

Organized sets of principles and facts that apply in general domains.

Computers and Electronics85
Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
English Language64
Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.
Mathematics59
Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
Communications and Media55
Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
Customer and Personal Service49
Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
Design49
Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.
Engineering and Technology40
Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
Telecommunications37
Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.
Administration and Management35
Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
Administrative35
Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.
Education and Training31
Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
Sales and Marketing31
Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.

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Fine Arts26
Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.
Public Safety and Security24
Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
Psychology23
Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
Law and Government20
Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
Economics and Accounting19
Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.
Production and Processing19
Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
Sociology and Anthropology19
Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.
Philosophy and Theology15
Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.
Personnel and Human Resources14
Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
Geography11
Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
Foreign Language8
Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
Physics7
Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.
History and Archeology4
Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.
Transportation3
Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
Biology2
Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
Mechanical2
Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
Therapy and Counseling2
Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.
Food Production1
Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.
Medicine and Dentistry1
Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.
Building and Construction0
Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
Chemistry0
Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.

Abilities

Enduring attributes of the individual that influence performance.

Deductive Reasoning72
The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
Oral Comprehension69
The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
Near Vision66
The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
Problem Sensitivity66
The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.
Written Comprehension66
The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
Inductive Reasoning63
The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
Information Ordering63
The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
Speech Clarity60
The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
Speech Recognition60
The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
Category Flexibility56
The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
Fluency of Ideas56
The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).
Oral Expression56
The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.

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Flexibility of Closure53
The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
Mathematical Reasoning53
The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.
Originality53
The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
Selective Attention53
The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
Visualization53
The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
Written Expression53
The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
Perceptual Speed50
The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
Speed of Closure47
The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
Finger Dexterity44
The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
Number Facility44
The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
Visual Color Discrimination41
The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
Memorization38
The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
Far Vision35
The ability to see details at a distance.
Arm-Hand Steadiness25
The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
Manual Dexterity25
The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
Wrist-Finger Speed25
The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
Auditory Attention22
The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
Control Precision22
The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
Time Sharing22
The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
Trunk Strength22
The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.
Depth Perception19
The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
Hearing Sensitivity19
The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
Dynamic Strength6
The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
Response Orientation3
The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
Dynamic Flexibility0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Explosive Strength0
The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
Extent Flexibility0
The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Glare Sensitivity0
The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
Gross Body Coordination0
The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
Gross Body Equilibrium0
The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
Multilimb Coordination0
The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
Night Vision0
The ability to see under low-light conditions.
Peripheral Vision0
The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
Rate Control0
The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
Reaction Time0
The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
Sound Localization0
The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
Spatial Orientation0
The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
Speed of Limb Movement0
The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
Stamina0
The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
Static Strength0
The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.

Work Activities

General types of job behaviors occurring on multiple jobs.

Working with Computers97
Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
Getting Information87
Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
Thinking Creatively85
Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge82
Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
Making Decisions and Solving Problems81
Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
Processing Information78
Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work73
Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates72
Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events67
Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
Analyzing Data or Information64
Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships64
Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Documenting/Recording Information62
Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.

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Scheduling Work and Activities62
Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
Developing Objectives and Strategies58
Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information58
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards58
Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others58
Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
Providing Consultation and Advice to Others57
Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
Developing and Building Teams56
Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
Communicating with People Outside the Organization51
Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People51
Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings49
Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others47
Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
Training and Teaching Others46
Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others45
Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates42
Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
Performing Administrative Activities40
Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
Coaching and Developing Others38
Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials37
Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
Monitoring and Controlling Resources36
Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
Selling or Influencing Others32
Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
Controlling Machines and Processes25
Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
Staffing Organizational Units25
Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
Assisting and Caring for Others23
Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public20
Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment17
Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment15
Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.
Performing General Physical Activities11
Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
Handling and Moving Objects6
Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment5
Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment2
Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.

Work Styles

Personal characteristics that can affect how well someone performs a job.

Attention to Detail86
A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
Innovation77
A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on ways to accomplish work.
Dependability73
A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.
Intellectual Curiosity69
A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.
Adaptability68
A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas at work.
Achievement Orientation66
A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.
Perseverance55
A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.
Initiative54
A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.
Cautiousness52
A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related decisions or doing work.
Integrity51
A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
Tolerance for Ambiguity47
A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
Self-Confidence39
A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.

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Stress Tolerance36
A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
Cooperation28
A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
Self-Control21
A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.
Social Orientation17
A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
Sincerity8
A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.
Humility7
A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
Optimism7
A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even under difficult circumstances.
Empathy6
A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feelings at work.

Interests (RIASEC)

Holland's six occupational interest types (RIASEC) this work tends to attract.

Conventional67
Work involves following procedures and regulations to organize information or data, typically in a business setting. Conventional occupations are often associated with office work, accounting, mathematics/statistics, information technology, finance, or human resources.
Investigative67
Work involves studying and researching non-living objects, living organisms, disease or other forms of impairment, or human behavior. Investigative occupations are often associated with physical, life, medical, or social sciences, and can be found in the fields of humanities, mathematics/statistics, information technology, or health care service.
Artistic36
Work involves creating original visual artwork, performances, written works, food, or music for a variety of media, or applying artistic principles to the design of various objects and materials. Artistic occupations are often associated with visual arts, applied arts and design, performing arts, music, creative writing, media, or culinary art.
Enterprising33
Work involves managing, negotiating, marketing, or selling, typically in a business setting, or leading or advising people in political and legal situations. Enterprising occupations are often associated with business initiatives, sales, marketing/advertising, finance, management/administration, professional advising, public speaking, politics, or law.
Realistic33
Work involves designing, building, or repairing of equipment, materials, or structures, engaging in physical activity, or working outdoors. Realistic occupations are often associated with engineering, mechanics and electronics, construction, woodworking, transportation, machine operation, agriculture, animal services, physical or manual labor, athletics, or protective services.
Social20
Work involves helping, teaching, advising, assisting, or providing service to others. Social occupations are often associated with social, health care, personal service, teaching/education, or religious activities.

Work Context

Physical and social factors that influence the nature of work.

E-Mail
- Every day92%
Spend Time Sitting
- Continually or almost continually79%
- More than half the time21%
Freedom to Make Decisions
- A lot of freedom42%
- Some freedom58%
Indoors, Environmentally Controlled
- Every day79%
Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams
- Every day67%
- Once a week or more but not every day17%
Importance of Being Exact or Accurate
- Extremely important42%
- Very important46%
Duration of Typical Work Week
- More than 40 hours63%
- 40 hours33%
Importance of Repeating Same Tasks
- Extremely important46%
- Very important33%
- Important17%
Telephone Conversations
- Every day42%
- Once a week or more but not every day42%
Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals
- A lot of freedom21%
- Some freedom67%
- Limited freedom13%
Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions
- Continually or almost continually38%
- More than half the time46%
Time Pressure
- Every day25%
- Once a week or more but not every day58%

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Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team
- Extremely important38%
- Very important38%
- Important17%
Contact With Others
- Constant contact with others38%
- Contact with others most of the time21%
- Contact with others about half the time33%
Level of Competition
- Extremely competitive17%
- Highly competitive58%
- Moderately competitive17%
Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results
- Very important results21%
- Important results33%
- Moderate results25%
- Minor results17%
Frequency of Decision Making
- Every day25%
- Once a week or more but not every day17%
- Once a month or more but not every week21%
- Once a year or more but not every month33%
Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls
- Continually or almost continually42%
- More than half the time13%
- Never33%
Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers
- Very high responsibility17%
- High responsibility25%
- Moderate responsibility17%
- Limited responsibility38%
Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities
- Extremely important13%
- Very important17%
- Important42%
- Fairly important21%
Conflict Situations
- Once a week or more but not every day25%
- Once a month or more but not every week33%
- Once a year or more but not every month29%
Consequence of Error
- Extremely serious21%
- Very serious17%
- Serious17%
- Fairly serious21%
- Not serious at all25%
Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable
- Every day13%
- Once a week or more but not every day21%
- Once a month or more but not every week25%
- Once a year or more but not every month13%
- Never29%
Physical Proximity
- Slightly close (e.g., shared office)71%
- I don't work near other people (beyond 100 ft.)13%
Written Letters and Memos
- Once a week or more but not every day21%
- Once a month or more but not every week29%
- Once a year or more but not every month33%
- Never17%
Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People
- Once a month or more but not every week17%
- Once a year or more but not every month58%
Deal With External Customers or the Public in General
- Very important13%
- Important33%
- Fairly important25%
- Not important at all25%
Degree of Automation
- Highly automated13%
- Moderately automated13%
- Slightly automated38%
- Not at all automated38%
Public Speaking
- Once a month or more but not every week17%
- Once a year or more but not every month50%
- Never29%
Health and Safety of Other Workers
- Limited responsibility38%
- No responsibility46%
Spend Time Standing
- Less than half the time50%
- Never42%
Work Schedules
- Irregular (changes with weather conditions, production demands, or contract duration)25%
- Regular (established routine, set schedule)75%
Spend Time Walking or Running
- Less than half the time46%
- Never54%
Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions
- Once a year or more but not every month13%
- Never83%
Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People
- Once a year or more but not every month17%
- Never83%
Exposed to Contaminants
- Never92%
Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions
- Once a year or more but not every month17%
- Never83%
Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body
- Less than half the time17%
- Never83%
Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling
- Less than half the time17%
- Never83%
Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures
- Never92%
Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled
- Never92%
Outdoors, Under Cover
- Never92%
Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance
- Never92%
Exposed to Disease or Infections
- Never96%
Exposed to Hazardous Equipment
- Never96%
Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings
- Never96%
In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment
- Never96%
Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions
- Never96%
Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment
- Not important at all96%
Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles
- Never96%
Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets
- Never96%
Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection
- Never96%
Exposed to Hazardous Conditions
- Never100%
Exposed to High Places
- Never100%
Exposed to Radiation
- Never100%
Exposed to Whole Body Vibration
- Never100%
In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment
- Never100%

Typical Education Levels Reported

Education levels O*NET survey respondents in this occupation most often reported having.

Bachelor’s degree
Post-secondary certificate
Associate’s degree or other 2-year degree

Technology Skills

Specific software and technology tools commonly used on the job.

Web platform development software
Bootstrap, React, Spring Framework, Vue.js
Data base user interface and query software
Airtable, Blackboard software, GraphQL, Transact-SQL
Development environment software
Apache Kafka, Apache Maven, Apache Subversion SVN, Oracle Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition J2EE
Object or component oriented development software
Apache Spark, jQuery, Scala, TypeScript
Data base management system software
Amazon DynamoDB, Apache Hive, Oracle PL/SQL, Redis
Operating system software
Google Android, Microsoft Windows Server, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, UNIX Shell
Application server software
Atlassian Bitbucket, Kubernetes, Red Hat OpenShift, Spring Boot
Enterprise application integration software
Extensible markup language XML, IBM InfoSphere DataStage, Jenkins CI, Microsoft SQL Server Integration Services SSIS
Video creation and editing software
Adobe After Effects, Flipgrid, Screencastify, YouTube
Web page creation and editing software
Adobe Dreamweaver, Facebook, Google Sites, WordPress
Graphics or photo imaging software
Adobe Creative Cloud software, Adobe Illustrator, JamBoard, Trimble SketchUp Pro
Enterprise resource planning ERP software
Microsoft Dynamics, Oracle Fusion Applications, Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne, SAP software
Business intelligence and data analysis software
IBM Cognos Impromptu, Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition, Qlik Tech QlikView, Tableau
Program testing software
Hewlett Packard LoadRunner, Jest, JUnit, Selenium
Cloud-based management software
Amazon Web Services AWS CloudFormation, Google Cloud software, IBM WebSphere, Splunk Enterprise
Configuration management software
Chef, Perforce Helix software, Puppet
Cloud-based data access and sharing software
Dropbox, Google Drive, Slack
Word processing software
3M Post-it App, Evernote, Google Docs
Sales and marketing software
Google Ads, HubSpot software, Marketo Marketing Automation
Analytical or scientific software
IBM SPSS Statistics, SAS, The MathWorks MATLAB
Geographic information system
ESRI ArcGIS software, Geographic information system GIS software
Content workflow software
Atlassian JIRA, Sitecore CMS
Network monitoring software
Nagios, Wireshark
Object oriented data base management software
Hibernate ORM, PostgreSQL
Document management software
Adobe Acrobat, Microsoft SharePoint
Video conferencing software
Cisco Webex, Google Meet
Desktop publishing software
Adobe InDesign, Microsoft Publisher
Customer relationship management CRM software
Oracle Eloqua, Salesforce software
Transaction server software
Customer information control system CICS, Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS)
Graphical user interface development software
Figma, Salesforce Visualforce
Instant messaging software
Atlassian HipChat, Blink
Data base reporting software
Microsoft SQL Server Reporting Services SSRS, SAP Crystal Reports
Presentation software
Apple Keynote, Google Slides
Project management software
Atlassian Confluence, Microsoft Project
Process mapping and design software
InVision software, Microsoft Visio
Spreadsheet software
Microsoft Excel
Metadata management software
Quest Erwin Data Modeler
Medical software
Epic Systems
Electronic mail software
IBM Notes
Enterprise system management software
IBM Power Systems software
Expert system software
Ansible software
Computer based training software
Moodle
Desktop communications software
Skype
Communications server software
IBM Domino
Portal server software
Apache HTTP Server
File versioning software
Git
Office suite software
Microsoft Office software
Financial analysis software
Delphi Technology
Transaction security and virus protection software
NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
Data mining software
Google Analytics
Requirements analysis and system architecture software
Unified modeling language UML
Storage networking software
Amazon Simple Storage Service S3

Professional Associations

Organizations related to this occupation, such as industry and licensing bodies.

Related Occupations

Occupations that call for similar work and worker requirements.

Detailed Work Activities

More specific, granular versions of the Work Activities above.

Design websites or web applications.
Write computer programming code.
Update website content.
Create electronic data backup to prevent loss of information.
Test software performance.
Create databases to store electronic data.
Update knowledge about emerging industry or technology trends.
Analyze project data to determine specifications or requirements.
Collaborate with others to resolve information technology issues.
Monitor the security of digital information.
Provide customer service to clients or users.
Document design or development procedures.

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Collaborate with others to develop or implement marketing strategies.
Provide technical support for computer network issues.
Configure computer networks.
Recommend changes to improve computer or information systems.
Document network-related activities or tasks.
Develop specifications or procedures for website development or maintenance.
Develop models of information or communications systems.
Evaluate utility of software or hardware technologies.
Provide recommendations to others about computer hardware.
Install computer hardware.
Conduct research to gain information about products or processes.
Develop diagrams or flow charts of system operation.
Develop computer or information security policies or procedures.
Implement security measures for computer or information systems.

This page incorporates information from O*NET Web Services by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA).

Based on federal labor and demographic data. Data source & methodology