Social and Community Service Managers

Job Zone

Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed

Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.

Job Zones group occupations into one of five categories based on the education, experience, and training typically needed to perform them.

Tasks

Specific duties and responsibilities regularly performed in this occupation.

Establish and oversee administrative procedures to meet objectives set by boards of directors or senior management.84
Direct activities of professional and technical staff members and volunteers.84
Evaluate the work of staff and volunteers to ensure that programs are of appropriate quality and that resources are used effectively.83
Participate in the determination of organizational policies regarding such issues as participant eligibility, program requirements, and program benefits.82
Prepare and maintain records and reports, such as budgets, personnel records, or training manuals.80
Provide direct service and support to individuals or clients, such as handling a referral for child advocacy issues, conducting a needs evaluation, or resolving complaints.80
Establish and maintain relationships with other agencies and organizations in community to meet community needs and to ensure that services are not duplicated.76
Recruit, interview, and hire or sign up volunteers and staff.74
Research and analyze member or community needs to determine program directions and goals.72
Implement and evaluate staff, volunteer, or community training programs.72
Act as consultants to agency staff and other community programs regarding the interpretation of program-related federal, state, and county regulations and policies.68
Analyze proposed legislation, regulations, or rule changes to determine how agency services could be impacted.66

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Plan and administer budgets for programs, equipment, and support services.66
Speak to community groups to explain and interpret agency purposes, programs, and policies.61
Represent organizations in relations with governmental and media institutions.60
Direct fundraising activities and the preparation of public relations materials.59

Skills

Developed capacities that facilitate learning or the more rapid acquisition of knowledge.

Service Orientation75
Actively looking for ways to help people.
Social Perceptiveness75
Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
Active Learning72
Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
Active Listening72
Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
Complex Problem Solving72
Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
Coordination72
Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
Critical Thinking72
Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
Judgment and Decision Making72
Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Management of Personnel Resources72
Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
Monitoring72
Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
Time Management72
Managing one's own time and the time of others.
Reading Comprehension69
Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.

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Speaking69
Talking to others to convey information effectively.
Systems Analysis69
Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
Systems Evaluation69
Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
Writing69
Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
Learning Strategies66
Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
Instructing63
Teaching others how to do something.
Negotiation56
Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
Persuasion56
Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
Management of Financial Resources41
Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.
Mathematics41
Using mathematics to solve problems.
Operations Analysis41
Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
Management of Material Resources35
Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
Science31
Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
Operations Monitoring28
Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
Operation and Control25
Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
Quality Control Analysis25
Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
Technology Design22
Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
Programming19
Writing computer programs for various purposes.
Troubleshooting13
Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
Equipment Maintenance0
Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
Equipment Selection0
Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Installation0
Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
Repairing0
Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

Knowledge

Organized sets of principles and facts that apply in general domains.

Customer and Personal Service90
Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
Administration and Management84
Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
English Language82
Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.
Psychology77
Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
Education and Training73
Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
Personnel and Human Resources68
Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
Therapy and Counseling68
Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.
Administrative62
Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.
Public Safety and Security62
Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
Sociology and Anthropology61
Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.
Mathematics58
Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
Computers and Electronics57
Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.

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Law and Government54
Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
Communications and Media50
Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
Economics and Accounting45
Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.
Telecommunications38
Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.
Philosophy and Theology34
Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.
Sales and Marketing33
Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
Production and Processing27
Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
Transportation25
Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
Medicine and Dentistry24
Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.
Geography23
Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
Foreign Language22
Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
Building and Construction17
Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
Fine Arts15
Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.
Chemistry14
Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
Design14
Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.
Mechanical14
Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
Engineering and Technology13
Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
Biology11
Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
History and Archeology11
Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.
Physics11
Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.
Food Production7
Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.

Abilities

Enduring attributes of the individual that influence performance.

Oral Expression85
The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
Oral Comprehension78
The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
Problem Sensitivity75
The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.
Written Comprehension75
The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
Deductive Reasoning72
The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
Speech Clarity72
The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
Speech Recognition72
The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
Written Expression72
The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
Inductive Reasoning69
The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
Originality69
The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
Fluency of Ideas66
The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).
Information Ordering63
The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).

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Near Vision53
The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
Category Flexibility50
The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
Flexibility of Closure50
The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
Far Vision47
The ability to see details at a distance.
Mathematical Reasoning47
The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.
Number Facility47
The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
Selective Attention47
The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
Time Sharing47
The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
Memorization44
The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
Perceptual Speed44
The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
Speed of Closure41
The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
Visualization38
The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
Visual Color Discrimination35
The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
Finger Dexterity31
The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
Auditory Attention28
The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
Arm-Hand Steadiness25
The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
Control Precision25
The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
Hearing Sensitivity25
The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
Depth Perception19
The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
Trunk Strength19
The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.
Manual Dexterity13
The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
Wrist-Finger Speed13
The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
Extent Flexibility10
The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Multilimb Coordination10
The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
Stamina10
The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
Dynamic Strength6
The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
Gross Body Equilibrium6
The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
Gross Body Coordination3
The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
Static Strength3
The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
Dynamic Flexibility0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Explosive Strength0
The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
Glare Sensitivity0
The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
Night Vision0
The ability to see under low-light conditions.
Peripheral Vision0
The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
Rate Control0
The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
Reaction Time0
The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
Response Orientation0
The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
Sound Localization0
The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
Spatial Orientation0
The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
Speed of Limb Movement0
The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.

Work Activities

General types of job behaviors occurring on multiple jobs.

Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates91
Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
Getting Information87
Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work82
Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
Working with Computers81
Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
Performing Administrative Activities79
Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge79
Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
Communicating with People Outside the Organization78
Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships78
Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards76
Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
Making Decisions and Solving Problems76
Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
Assisting and Caring for Others75
Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others75
Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.

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Developing Objectives and Strategies75
Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events75
Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
Scheduling Work and Activities72
Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
Thinking Creatively72
Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
Documenting/Recording Information71
Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings70
Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others70
Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
Developing and Building Teams69
Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates69
Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public66
Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
Processing Information66
Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
Training and Teaching Others66
Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People63
Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
Analyzing Data or Information62
Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others62
Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
Providing Consultation and Advice to Others59
Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
Coaching and Developing Others58
Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
Staffing Organizational Units46
Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials38
Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
Performing General Physical Activities37
Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
Monitoring and Controlling Resources35
Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
Selling or Influencing Others32
Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information31
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment30
Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
Handling and Moving Objects23
Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
Controlling Machines and Processes16
Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment11
Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.
Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment8
Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment5
Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.

Work Styles

Personal characteristics that can affect how well someone performs a job.

Dependability88
A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.
Leadership Orientation87
A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
Cooperation81
A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
Social Orientation79
A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
Empathy78
A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feelings at work.
Integrity77
A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
Optimism73
A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even under difficult circumstances.
Sincerity73
A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.
Achievement Orientation70
A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.
Adaptability70
A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas at work.
Self-Control69
A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.
Perseverance66
A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.

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Stress Tolerance66
A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
Initiative64
A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.
Self-Confidence59
A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.
Attention to Detail57
A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
Tolerance for Ambiguity50
A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
Cautiousness47
A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related decisions or doing work.
Innovation44
A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on ways to accomplish work.
Intellectual Curiosity44
A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.
Humility40
A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.

Interests (RIASEC)

Holland's six occupational interest types (RIASEC) this work tends to attract.

Enterprising100
Work involves managing, negotiating, marketing, or selling, typically in a business setting, or leading or advising people in political and legal situations. Enterprising occupations are often associated with business initiatives, sales, marketing/advertising, finance, management/administration, professional advising, public speaking, politics, or law.
Social74
Work involves helping, teaching, advising, assisting, or providing service to others. Social occupations are often associated with social, health care, personal service, teaching/education, or religious activities.
Conventional54
Work involves following procedures and regulations to organize information or data, typically in a business setting. Conventional occupations are often associated with office work, accounting, mathematics/statistics, information technology, finance, or human resources.
Artistic24
Work involves creating original visual artwork, performances, written works, food, or music for a variety of media, or applying artistic principles to the design of various objects and materials. Artistic occupations are often associated with visual arts, applied arts and design, performing arts, music, creative writing, media, or culinary art.
Investigative20
Work involves studying and researching non-living objects, living organisms, disease or other forms of impairment, or human behavior. Investigative occupations are often associated with physical, life, medical, or social sciences, and can be found in the fields of humanities, mathematics/statistics, information technology, or health care service.
Realistic0
Work involves designing, building, or repairing of equipment, materials, or structures, engaging in physical activity, or working outdoors. Realistic occupations are often associated with engineering, mechanics and electronics, construction, woodworking, transportation, machine operation, agriculture, animal services, physical or manual labor, athletics, or protective services.

Work Context

Physical and social factors that influence the nature of work.

E-Mail
- Every day100%
Telephone Conversations
- Every day98%
Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams
- Every day94%
Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team
- Extremely important71%
- Very important29%
Contact With Others
- Constant contact with others72%
- Contact with others most of the time23%
Indoors, Environmentally Controlled
- Every day90%
Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results
- Very important results60%
- Important results26%
- Moderate results11%
Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals
- A lot of freedom54%
- Some freedom35%
Freedom to Make Decisions
- A lot of freedom35%
- Some freedom65%
Frequency of Decision Making
- Every day61%
- Once a week or more but not every day16%
- Once a month or more but not every week13%
Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities
- Extremely important42%
- Very important42%
- Important14%
Importance of Being Exact or Accurate
- Extremely important34%
- Very important54%
- Important11%

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Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers
- Very high responsibility62%
- High responsibility14%
- Limited responsibility16%
Deal With External Customers or the Public in General
- Extremely important46%
- Very important28%
- Important16%
Written Letters and Memos
- Every day29%
- Once a week or more but not every day55%
- Once a month or more but not every week12%
Spend Time Sitting
- Continually or almost continually35%
- More than half the time48%
Duration of Typical Work Week
- More than 40 hours54%
- 40 hours41%
Time Pressure
- Every day28%
- Once a week or more but not every day36%
- Once a month or more but not every week34%
Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People
- Every day35%
- Once a week or more but not every day18%
- Once a month or more but not every week35%
- Once a year or more but not every month11%
Health and Safety of Other Workers
- Very high responsibility30%
- High responsibility24%
- Moderate responsibility38%
Conflict Situations
- Every day23%
- Once a week or more but not every day20%
- Once a month or more but not every week42%
- Once a year or more but not every month15%
Importance of Repeating Same Tasks
- Extremely important40%
- Very important17%
- Important12%
- Not important at all22%
In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment
- Every day12%
- Once a week or more but not every day33%
- Once a month or more but not every week39%
- Never13%
Public Speaking
- Once a week or more but not every day26%
- Once a month or more but not every week51%
- Once a year or more but not every month18%
Consequence of Error
- Extremely serious20%
- Serious48%
- Not serious at all20%
Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable
- Every day28%
- Once a month or more but not every week17%
- Once a year or more but not every month24%
- Never25%
Physical Proximity
- Moderately close (at arm's length)16%
- I work with others but not closely (e.g., private office)66%
Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls
- Continually or almost continually18%
- More than half the time25%
- Never50%
Spend Time Standing
- More than half the time13%
- About half the time19%
- Less than half the time68%
Degree of Automation
- Highly automated26%
- Moderately automated15%
- Slightly automated16%
- Not at all automated44%
Level of Competition
- Moderately competitive26%
- Slightly competitive33%
- Not at all competitive30%
Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People
- Once a month or more but not every week23%
- Once a year or more but not every month42%
- Never29%
Exposed to Disease or Infections
- Once a month or more but not every week18%
- Once a year or more but not every month32%
- Never40%
Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions
- About half the time28%
- Less than half the time30%
- Never35%
Spend Time Walking or Running
- Less than half the time70%
- Never24%
Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions
- Once a year or more but not every month50%
- Never45%
Exposed to Contaminants
- Once a year or more but not every month44%
- Never52%
Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures
- Once a month or more but not every week11%
- Once a year or more but not every month21%
- Never65%
Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings
- Once a year or more but not every month28%
- Never67%
Work Schedules
- Irregular (changes with weather conditions, production demands, or contract duration)20%
- Regular (established routine, set schedule)80%
Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body
- Less than half the time23%
- Never73%
Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled
- Once a year or more but not every month30%
- Never70%
Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling
- Less than half the time33%
- Never67%
Outdoors, Under Cover
- Once a year or more but not every month28%
- Never72%
Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions
- Never87%
Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment
- Not important at all90%
Exposed to Hazardous Conditions
- Never96%
Exposed to Hazardous Equipment
- Never96%
Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions
- Never93%
Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles
- Never92%
Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance
- Never98%
Exposed to High Places
- Never100%
Exposed to Radiation
- Never100%
Exposed to Whole Body Vibration
- Never100%
In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment
- Never100%
Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets
- Never100%
Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection
- Never100%

Typical Education Levels Reported

Education levels O*NET survey respondents in this occupation most often reported having.

Bachelor’s degree
Master’s degree
Associate’s degree or other 2-year degree

Technology Skills

Specific software and technology tools commonly used on the job.

Spreadsheet software
Corel QuattroPro, IBM Lotus 1-2-3, Microsoft Excel
Presentation software
Microsoft PowerPoint
Data base user interface and query software
Client information databases, FileMaker Pro, Microsoft Access
Medical software
Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS, PointClickCare healthcare software
Office suite software
Corel WordPerfect Office Suite, Microsoft Office software
Electronic mail software
Microsoft Outlook
Accounting software
Financial accounting software
Object oriented data base management software
Microsoft Visual FoxPro
Enterprise resource planning ERP software
Microsoft Dynamics
Desktop publishing software
Microsoft Publisher
Customer relationship management CRM software
Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
Word processing software
Microsoft Word
Data base reporting software
Oracle Reports
Internet browser software
Web browser software
Project management software
Microsoft Project

Professional Associations

Organizations related to this occupation, such as industry and licensing bodies.

Related Occupations

Detailed Work Activities

More specific, granular versions of the Work Activities above.

Develop operating strategies, plans, or procedures.
Direct administrative or support services.
Supervise employees.
Monitor performance of organizational members or partners.
Develop organizational policies or programs.
Conduct opinion surveys or needs assessments.
Maintain operational records.
Prepare financial documents, reports, or budgets.
Resolve customer complaints or problems.
Establish interpersonal business relationships to facilitate work activities.
Hire personnel.
Interview employees, customers, or others to collect information.

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Recruit personnel.
Analyze market research data.
Evaluate training programs, instructors, or materials.
Manage human resources activities.
Advise others on legal or regulatory compliance matters.
Analyze impact of legal or regulatory changes.
Prepare operational budgets.
Promote products, services, or programs.
Represent the organization in external relations.
Coordinate special events or programs.

This page incorporates information from O*NET Web Services by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA).

Based on federal labor and demographic data. Data source & methodology