Secretaries and Administrative Assistants

Job Zone

Job Zone 1-2: Very Little to Some Preparation Needed

Usually requires a high school diploma or GED, though some occupations may not.

Job Zones group occupations into one of five categories based on the education, experience, and training typically needed to perform them.

Tasks

Specific duties and responsibilities regularly performed in this occupation.

Answer telephones and give information to callers, take messages, or transfer calls to appropriate individuals.83
Greet visitors or callers and handle their inquiries or direct them to the appropriate persons according to their needs.83
Create, maintain, and enter information into databases.81
Use computers for various applications, such as database management or word processing.81
Perform payroll functions, such as maintaining timekeeping information and processing and submitting payroll.81
Collect and deposit money into accounts, disburse funds from cash accounts to pay bills or invoices, keep records of collections and disbursements, and ensure accounts are balanced.79
Operate office equipment, such as fax machines, copiers, or phone systems and arrange for repairs when equipment malfunctions.77
Set up and manage paper or electronic filing systems, recording information, updating paperwork, or maintaining documents, such as attendance records, correspondence, or other material.75
Operate electronic mail systems and coordinate the flow of information, internally or with other organizations.74
Schedule and confirm appointments for clients, customers, or supervisors.73
Maintain scheduling and event calendars.71
Compose, type, and distribute meeting notes, routine correspondence, or reports, such as presentations or expense, statistical, or monthly reports.71

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Complete forms in accordance with company procedures.70
Establish work procedures or schedules and keep track of the daily work of clerical staff.69
Provide services to customers, such as order placement or account information.69
Locate and attach appropriate files to incoming correspondence requiring replies.68
Prepare and mail checks.68
Arrange conference, meeting, or travel reservations for office personnel.68
Conduct searches to find needed information, using such sources as the Internet.67
Open, read, route, and distribute incoming mail or other materials and answer routine letters.67
Review work done by others to check for correct spelling and grammar, ensure that company format policies are followed, and recommend revisions.67
Make copies of correspondence or other printed material.67
Supervise other clerical staff and provide training and orientation to new staff.67
Manage projects or contribute to committee or team work.66
Coordinate conferences, meetings, or special events, such as luncheons or graduation ceremonies.64
Learn to operate new office technologies as they are developed and implemented.63
Mail newsletters, promotional material, or other information.61
Train and assist staff with computer usage.59
Order and dispense supplies.58
Prepare conference or event materials, such as flyers or invitations.57
Develop or maintain internal or external company Web sites.53

Skills

Developed capacities that facilitate learning or the more rapid acquisition of knowledge.

Active Listening75
Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
Speaking75
Talking to others to convey information effectively.
Reading Comprehension72
Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
Writing69
Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
Service Orientation63
Actively looking for ways to help people.
Time Management63
Managing one's own time and the time of others.
Coordination53
Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
Monitoring53
Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
Critical Thinking50
Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
Judgment and Decision Making50
Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Social Perceptiveness50
Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
Active Learning47
Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.

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Complex Problem Solving47
Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
Management of Personnel Resources41
Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
Negotiation35
Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
Persuasion31
Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
Instructing28
Teaching others how to do something.
Learning Strategies28
Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
Mathematics25
Using mathematics to solve problems.
Systems Analysis25
Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
Systems Evaluation25
Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
Operations Analysis22
Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
Operations Monitoring22
Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
Quality Control Analysis22
Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
Management of Material Resources19
Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
Management of Financial Resources16
Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.
Programming16
Writing computer programs for various purposes.
Technology Design13
Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
Operation and Control6
Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
Equipment Maintenance0
Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
Equipment Selection0
Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Installation0
Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
Repairing0
Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
Science0
Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
Troubleshooting0
Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.

Knowledge

Organized sets of principles and facts that apply in general domains.

Administrative88
Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.
English Language82
Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.
Computers and Electronics71
Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
Customer and Personal Service69
Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
Administration and Management61
Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
Mathematics48
Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
Communications and Media44
Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
Economics and Accounting44
Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.
Personnel and Human Resources43
Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
Public Safety and Security43
Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
Education and Training39
Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
Telecommunications37
Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.

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Law and Government36
Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
Psychology29
Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
Medicine and Dentistry28
Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.
Transportation28
Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
Therapy and Counseling24
Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.
Sales and Marketing22
Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
Sociology and Anthropology21
Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.
Production and Processing18
Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
Foreign Language16
Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
Chemistry13
Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
Philosophy and Theology13
Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.
Geography12
Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
Biology11
Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
History and Archeology10
Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.
Mechanical10
Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
Food Production9
Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.
Design8
Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.
Building and Construction7
Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
Engineering and Technology7
Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
Fine Arts4
Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.
Physics3
Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.

Abilities

Enduring attributes of the individual that influence performance.

Oral Comprehension75
The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
Oral Expression75
The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
Written Comprehension75
The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
Written Expression75
The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
Near Vision72
The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
Speech Clarity69
The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
Speech Recognition69
The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
Information Ordering66
The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
Problem Sensitivity53
The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.
Category Flexibility50
The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
Deductive Reasoning50
The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
Inductive Reasoning50
The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).

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Selective Attention50
The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
Time Sharing47
The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
Fluency of Ideas38
The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).
Far Vision31
The ability to see details at a distance.
Perceptual Speed31
The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
Finger Dexterity28
The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
Memorization28
The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
Number Facility28
The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
Visualization28
The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
Wrist-Finger Speed28
The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
Arm-Hand Steadiness25
The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
Flexibility of Closure25
The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
Manual Dexterity25
The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
Mathematical Reasoning25
The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.
Originality25
The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
Speed of Closure25
The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
Visual Color Discrimination25
The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
Auditory Attention22
The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
Control Precision22
The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
Hearing Sensitivity22
The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
Trunk Strength19
The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.
Dynamic Strength3
The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
Depth Perception0
The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
Dynamic Flexibility0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Explosive Strength0
The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
Extent Flexibility0
The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Glare Sensitivity0
The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
Gross Body Coordination0
The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
Gross Body Equilibrium0
The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
Multilimb Coordination0
The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
Night Vision0
The ability to see under low-light conditions.
Peripheral Vision0
The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
Rate Control0
The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
Reaction Time0
The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
Response Orientation0
The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
Sound Localization0
The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
Spatial Orientation0
The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
Speed of Limb Movement0
The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
Stamina0
The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
Static Strength0
The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.

Work Activities

General types of job behaviors occurring on multiple jobs.

Working with Computers85
Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates79
Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
Getting Information79
Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
Performing Administrative Activities77
Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships69
Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work69
Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
Documenting/Recording Information65
Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
Communicating with People Outside the Organization62
Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards62
Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events61
Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
Processing Information61
Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
Making Decisions and Solving Problems57
Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.

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Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings55
Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
Assisting and Caring for Others54
Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
Scheduling Work and Activities53
Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge53
Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
Thinking Creatively50
Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public47
Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others47
Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
Analyzing Data or Information45
Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others42
Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People41
Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others40
Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
Training and Teaching Others37
Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
Developing and Building Teams35
Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
Developing Objectives and Strategies35
Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information35
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
Coaching and Developing Others32
Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
Monitoring and Controlling Resources29
Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
Performing General Physical Activities29
Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
Providing Consultation and Advice to Others29
Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
Controlling Machines and Processes28
Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
Handling and Moving Objects27
Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials25
Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
Staffing Organizational Units19
Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates18
Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment16
Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment15
Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
Selling or Influencing Others15
Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment10
Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment8
Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.

Work Styles

Personal characteristics that can affect how well someone performs a job.

Dependability86
A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.
Attention to Detail78
A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
Cooperation69
A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
Social Orientation64
A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
Integrity51
A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
Self-Control48
A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.
Optimism41
A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even under difficult circumstances.
Cautiousness39
A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related decisions or doing work.
Sincerity36
A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.
Adaptability35
A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas at work.
Empathy35
A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feelings at work.
Initiative35
A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.

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Stress Tolerance32
A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
Humility31
A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
Achievement Orientation26
A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.
Perseverance25
A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.
Self-Confidence17
A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.
Innovation5
A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on ways to accomplish work.
Intellectual Curiosity5
A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.

Interests (RIASEC)

Holland's six occupational interest types (RIASEC) this work tends to attract.

Conventional99
Work involves following procedures and regulations to organize information or data, typically in a business setting. Conventional occupations are often associated with office work, accounting, mathematics/statistics, information technology, finance, or human resources.
Enterprising53
Work involves managing, negotiating, marketing, or selling, typically in a business setting, or leading or advising people in political and legal situations. Enterprising occupations are often associated with business initiatives, sales, marketing/advertising, finance, management/administration, professional advising, public speaking, politics, or law.
Social44
Work involves helping, teaching, advising, assisting, or providing service to others. Social occupations are often associated with social, health care, personal service, teaching/education, or religious activities.
Realistic16
Work involves designing, building, or repairing of equipment, materials, or structures, engaging in physical activity, or working outdoors. Realistic occupations are often associated with engineering, mechanics and electronics, construction, woodworking, transportation, machine operation, agriculture, animal services, physical or manual labor, athletics, or protective services.
Investigative6
Work involves studying and researching non-living objects, living organisms, disease or other forms of impairment, or human behavior. Investigative occupations are often associated with physical, life, medical, or social sciences, and can be found in the fields of humanities, mathematics/statistics, information technology, or health care service.
Artistic0
Work involves creating original visual artwork, performances, written works, food, or music for a variety of media, or applying artistic principles to the design of various objects and materials. Artistic occupations are often associated with visual arts, applied arts and design, performing arts, music, creative writing, media, or culinary art.

Work Context

Physical and social factors that influence the nature of work.

Telephone Conversations
- Every day93%
Contact With Others
- Constant contact with others87%
- Contact with others most of the time13%
E-Mail
- Every day93%
Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams
- Every day79%
- Once a week or more but not every day14%
Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team
- Extremely important62%
- Very important35%
Spend Time Sitting
- Continually or almost continually69%
- More than half the time24%
Importance of Repeating Same Tasks
- Extremely important58%
- Very important29%
Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals
- A lot of freedom60%
- Some freedom19%
- Limited freedom15%
Importance of Being Exact or Accurate
- Extremely important34%
- Very important58%
Written Letters and Memos
- Every day53%
- Once a week or more but not every day22%
- Once a month or more but not every week19%
Time Pressure
- Every day41%
- Once a week or more but not every day37%
- Once a month or more but not every week16%
Deal With External Customers or the Public in General
- Extremely important58%
- Very important12%
- Fairly important17%

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Indoors, Environmentally Controlled
- Every day74%
- Never20%
Freedom to Make Decisions
- A lot of freedom27%
- Some freedom49%
Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities
- Extremely important23%
- Very important41%
- Important19%
- Fairly important11%
Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results
- Very important results31%
- Important results35%
- Minor results21%
Frequency of Decision Making
- Every day38%
- Once a week or more but not every day13%
- Once a month or more but not every week19%
- Once a year or more but not every month18%
- Never11%
Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People
- Every day17%
- Once a week or more but not every day27%
- Once a month or more but not every week34%
- Once a year or more but not every month18%
Conflict Situations
- Once a week or more but not every day25%
- Once a month or more but not every week36%
- Once a year or more but not every month18%
- Never12%
Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions
- Continually or almost continually22%
- More than half the time23%
- About half the time16%
- Less than half the time13%
- Never26%
Duration of Typical Work Week
- More than 40 hours24%
- 40 hours50%
- Less than 40 hours25%
Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers
- Very high responsibility22%
- High responsibility17%
- Moderate responsibility17%
- Limited responsibility26%
- No responsibility19%
Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls
- Continually or almost continually34%
- More than half the time13%
- Less than half the time13%
- Never39%
Physical Proximity
- Moderately close (at arm's length)20%
- Slightly close (e.g., shared office)25%
- I work with others but not closely (e.g., private office)52%
Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable
- Every day23%
- Once a week or more but not every day11%
- Once a year or more but not every month36%
- Never26%
Health and Safety of Other Workers
- High responsibility12%
- Moderate responsibility20%
- Limited responsibility41%
- No responsibility21%
Level of Competition
- Extremely competitive11%
- Highly competitive19%
- Moderately competitive11%
- Not at all competitive51%
Exposed to Disease or Infections
- Every day21%
- Never61%
Consequence of Error
- Serious22%
- Fairly serious21%
- Not serious at all44%
Spend Time Standing
- About half the time13%
- Less than half the time71%
- Never15%
Spend Time Walking or Running
- Less than half the time76%
- Never14%
Degree of Automation
- Moderately automated14%
- Slightly automated13%
- Not at all automated62%
Exposed to Contaminants
- Once a week or more but not every day13%
- Never77%
Public Speaking
- Once a month or more but not every week17%
- Once a year or more but not every month17%
- Never64%
Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body
- Less than half the time46%
- Never51%
Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions
- Never86%
In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment
- Never79%
Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People
- Once a year or more but not every month17%
- Never72%
Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions
- Never85%
Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions
- Never89%
Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment
- Not important at all91%
Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance
- Never85%
Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures
- Once a year or more but not every month11%
- Never86%
Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling
- Less than half the time15%
- Never85%
Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings
- Never92%
Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled
- Never93%
Outdoors, Under Cover
- Never93%
Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles
- Never94%
Exposed to Hazardous Conditions
- Never98%
Exposed to Hazardous Equipment
- Never98%
In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment
- Never98%
Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets
- Never96%
Exposed to High Places
- Never100%
Exposed to Radiation
- Never100%
Exposed to Whole Body Vibration
- Never100%
Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection
- Never100%
Work Schedules
- Regular (established routine, set schedule)100%

Typical Education Levels Reported

Education levels O*NET survey respondents in this occupation most often reported having.

High school diploma or equivalent
Associate’s degree or other 2-year degree
Bachelor’s degree

Technology Skills

Specific software and technology tools commonly used on the job.

Enterprise resource planning ERP software
Microsoft Dynamics, Oracle PeopleSoft, people@work, SAP software
Data base user interface and query software
Airtable, Blackboard software, Microsoft SQL Server, Yardi software
Video conferencing software
Cisco Webex, Google Meet, LogMeIn GoToMeeting, Zoom
Data base management system software
Apache Cassandra, Apache Hadoop, Apache Hive, Teradata Database
Accounting software
Intuit QuickBooks, Sage 50 Accounting, SAP Concur, Tax software
Graphics or photo imaging software
Adobe Creative Cloud software, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, Canva
Operating system software
Apple macOS, Linux, Microsoft Windows, Oracle Solaris
Word processing software
3M Post-it App, Google Docs, Microsoft OneNote, Microsoft Word
Web page creation and editing software
Adobe Dreamweaver, Facebook, Google Sites, Social media sites
Business intelligence and data analysis software
IBM Cognos Impromptu, MicroStrategy, Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition, Qlik Tech QlikView
Project management software
Atlassian Confluence, Microsoft Project, Microsoft Teams, Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
Web platform development software
Apache Tomcat, Drupal, Hypertext markup language HTML, Microsoft Active Server Pages ASP
Electronic mail software
IBM Notes, Microsoft Exchange, Microsoft Outlook
Document management software
Adobe Acrobat, Filing system software, Microsoft SharePoint
Cloud-based data access and sharing software
Dropbox, Google Drive, Slack
Human resources software
ADP Workforce Now, Human resource management software HRMS, Oracle Taleo
Analytical or scientific software
IBM SPSS Statistics, Minitab, SAS
Presentation software
Apple Keynote, Google Slides, Microsoft PowerPoint
Spreadsheet software
Google Sheets, Microsoft Excel
Desktop communications software
ClassDojo, Skype
Desktop publishing software
Adobe InDesign, Microsoft Publisher
Video creation and editing software
Loom, YouTube
Customer relationship management CRM software
Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge, Salesforce software
Office suite software
Google Workspace software, Microsoft Office software
Financial analysis software
Delphi Technology, Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
Transaction security and virus protection software
McAfee, NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
Time accounting software
Kronos Workforce Timekeeper, Timekeeping software
Internet browser software
Mozilla Firefox, Web browser software
Metadata management software
Quest Erwin Data Modeler
Medical software
Medical procedure coding software
Content workflow software
Atlassian JIRA
Enterprise system management software
IBM Power Systems software
Access software
Citrix cloud computing software
Computer based training software
Schoology
Portal server software
Apache HTTP Server
Enterprise application integration software
IBM InfoSphere DataStage
Network conferencing software
LogMeIn GoToWebinar
Transaction server software
Customer information control system CICS
Voice recognition software
Dictation software
Instant messaging software
GroupMe
Data base reporting software
SAP Crystal Reports
Backup or archival software
Veritas NetBackup
Cloud-based management software
IBM WebSphere
Data mining software
Data warehouse software
Calendar and scheduling software
Appointment scheduling software
Process mapping and design software
Microsoft Visio
Information retrieval or search software
LexisNexis
Mobile messaging service software
Intrado SchoolMessenger

Professional Associations

Organizations related to this occupation, such as industry and licensing bodies.

Related Occupations

Occupations that call for similar work and worker requirements.

Detailed Work Activities

More specific, granular versions of the Work Activities above.

Answer telephones to direct calls or provide information.
Discuss account status or activity with customers or patrons.
Greet customers, patrons, or visitors.
Refer customers to appropriate personnel.
Execute sales or other financial transactions.
Enter information into databases or software programs.
Operate computers or computerized equipment.
Collect deposits, payments or fees.
Operate office equipment.
Report maintenance or equipment problems to appropriate personnel.
Record personnel information.
Select resources needed to accomplish tasks.

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Operate communications equipment or systems.
Schedule appointments.
Distribute materials to employees or customers.
Issue documentation or identification to customers or employees.
Record information from meetings or other formal proceedings.
Prepare documentation for contracts, transactions, or regulatory compliance.
Order materials, supplies, or equipment.
Develop organizational policies or programs.
Prepare employee work schedules.
Send information, materials or documentation.
Compile data or documentation.
Make travel, accommodations, or entertainment arrangements for others.
Schedule operational activities.
Distribute incoming mail.
Proofread documents, records, or other files to ensure accuracy.
Route mail to correct destinations.
Search files, databases or reference materials to obtain needed information.
Supervise clerical or administrative personnel.
Manage clerical or administrative activities.
Coordinate operational activities.
Maintain current knowledge related to work activities.
Train personnel.
Prepare informational or reference materials.
Develop computer or online applications.

Apprenticeship Occupations

Registered apprenticeship program titles associated with this occupation.

Administrative Assistant
Administrative Assistant (Police)
Script Supervisor

This page incorporates information from O*NET Web Services by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA).

Based on federal labor and demographic data. Data source & methodology