Public Relations Specialists

Job Zone

Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed

Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.

Job Zones group occupations into one of five categories based on the education, experience, and training typically needed to perform them.

Tasks

Specific duties and responsibilities regularly performed in this occupation.

Respond to requests for information from the media or designate an appropriate spokesperson or information source.89
Plan or direct development or communication of programs to maintain favorable public or stockholder perceptions of an organization's accomplishments, agenda, or environmental responsibility.85
Post and update content on the company's Web site and social media outlets.85
Write press releases or other media communications to promote clients.85
Establish or maintain cooperative relationships with representatives of community, consumer, employee, or public interest groups.81
Confer with other managers to identify trends or key group interests or concerns or to provide advice on business decisions.80
Coach client representatives in effective communication with the public or with employees.79
Study the objectives, promotional policies, or needs of organizations to develop public relations strategies that will influence public opinion or promote ideas, products, or services.78
Prepare or edit organizational publications, such as employee newsletters or stockholders' reports, for internal or external audiences.73
Arrange public appearances, lectures, contests, or exhibits for clients to increase product or service awareness or to promote goodwill.72
Plan or conduct market or public opinion research to test products or determine potential for product success, communicating results to client or management.69
Develop plans or materials to communicate organizational activities that are beneficial to the environment, public safety, or other important social issues.69

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Coordinate public responses to environmental management incidents or conflicts.66
Confer with production or support personnel to produce or coordinate production of advertisements or promotions.63
Consult with advertising agencies or staff to arrange promotional campaigns in all types of media for products, organizations, or individuals.60
Prepare or deliver speeches to further public relations objectives.59
Develop marketing campaigns for environmental technologies or services.46
Purchase advertising space or time as required to promote client's product or agenda.45

Skills

Developed capacities that facilitate learning or the more rapid acquisition of knowledge.

Active Listening78
Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
Speaking78
Talking to others to convey information effectively.
Reading Comprehension75
Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
Social Perceptiveness75
Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
Writing75
Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
Coordination72
Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
Critical Thinking72
Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
Time Management72
Managing one's own time and the time of others.
Persuasion69
Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
Judgment and Decision Making63
Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Active Learning60
Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
Complex Problem Solving60
Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.

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Negotiation56
Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
Systems Evaluation56
Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
Service Orientation53
Actively looking for ways to help people.
Systems Analysis53
Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
Instructing50
Teaching others how to do something.
Monitoring50
Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
Learning Strategies47
Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
Operations Analysis44
Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
Management of Personnel Resources41
Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
Mathematics25
Using mathematics to solve problems.
Management of Financial Resources22
Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.
Management of Material Resources19
Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
Technology Design19
Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
Operations Monitoring16
Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
Science13
Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
Programming10
Writing computer programs for various purposes.
Quality Control Analysis10
Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
Equipment Maintenance0
Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
Equipment Selection0
Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Installation0
Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
Operation and Control0
Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
Repairing0
Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
Troubleshooting0
Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.

Knowledge

Organized sets of principles and facts that apply in general domains.

Communications and Media98
Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
English Language93
Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.
Administration and Management74
Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
Customer and Personal Service74
Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
Sales and Marketing73
Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
Computers and Electronics63
Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
Administrative49
Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.
Education and Training44
Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
Personnel and Human Resources44
Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
Sociology and Anthropology41
Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.
Psychology39
Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
Economics and Accounting33
Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.

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Law and Government31
Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
Mathematics31
Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
Telecommunications31
Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.
Design30
Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.
Geography30
Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
Philosophy and Theology23
Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.
Production and Processing22
Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
Public Safety and Security22
Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
Foreign Language21
Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
History and Archeology18
Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.
Fine Arts14
Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.
Transportation11
Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
Therapy and Counseling8
Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.
Engineering and Technology7
Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
Biology5
Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
Physics4
Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.
Building and Construction2
Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
Mechanical2
Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
Chemistry1
Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
Food Production1
Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.
Medicine and Dentistry1
Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.

Abilities

Enduring attributes of the individual that influence performance.

Oral Comprehension81
The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
Oral Expression78
The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
Speech Clarity75
The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
Speech Recognition75
The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
Written Expression75
The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
Deductive Reasoning72
The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
Problem Sensitivity72
The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.
Written Comprehension72
The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
Fluency of Ideas69
The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).
Originality69
The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
Inductive Reasoning66
The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
Near Vision63
The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).

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Category Flexibility50
The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
Information Ordering50
The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
Selective Attention47
The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
Time Sharing47
The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
Visualization41
The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
Far Vision38
The ability to see details at a distance.
Flexibility of Closure35
The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
Memorization31
The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
Number Facility28
The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
Speed of Closure28
The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
Auditory Attention25
The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
Mathematical Reasoning25
The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.
Perceptual Speed25
The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
Visual Color Discrimination25
The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
Hearing Sensitivity19
The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
Finger Dexterity16
The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
Trunk Strength16
The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.
Depth Perception10
The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
Wrist-Finger Speed10
The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
Extent Flexibility3
The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Arm-Hand Steadiness0
The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
Control Precision0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
Dynamic Flexibility0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Dynamic Strength0
The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
Explosive Strength0
The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
Glare Sensitivity0
The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
Gross Body Coordination0
The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
Gross Body Equilibrium0
The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
Manual Dexterity0
The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
Multilimb Coordination0
The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
Night Vision0
The ability to see under low-light conditions.
Peripheral Vision0
The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
Rate Control0
The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
Reaction Time0
The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
Response Orientation0
The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
Sound Localization0
The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
Spatial Orientation0
The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
Speed of Limb Movement0
The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
Stamina0
The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
Static Strength0
The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.

Work Activities

General types of job behaviors occurring on multiple jobs.

Communicating with People Outside the Organization94
Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates94
Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
Getting Information93
Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships90
Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Developing Objectives and Strategies88
Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
Thinking Creatively86
Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
Making Decisions and Solving Problems85
Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work85
Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge82
Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
Working with Computers81
Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public80
Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
Providing Consultation and Advice to Others79
Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.

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Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others76
Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others74
Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events74
Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
Developing and Building Teams73
Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
Selling or Influencing Others72
Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others67
Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
Scheduling Work and Activities66
Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
Coaching and Developing Others65
Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
Analyzing Data or Information61
Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates60
Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
Processing Information59
Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
Monitoring and Controlling Resources57
Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
Training and Teaching Others55
Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings51
Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards50
Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
Performing Administrative Activities50
Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
Documenting/Recording Information49
Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
Assisting and Caring for Others43
Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information40
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People39
Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
Staffing Organizational Units39
Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
Handling and Moving Objects15
Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
Performing General Physical Activities15
Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment10
Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment10
Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
Controlling Machines and Processes9
Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials7
Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment6
Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment1
Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.

Work Styles

Personal characteristics that can affect how well someone performs a job.

Social Orientation86
A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
Cooperation81
A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
Dependability77
A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.
Self-Confidence75
A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.
Innovation71
A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on ways to accomplish work.
Integrity70
A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
Optimism70
A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even under difficult circumstances.
Adaptability68
A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas at work.
Initiative67
A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.
Achievement Orientation65
A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.
Self-Control64
A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.
Attention to Detail60
A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.

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Stress Tolerance60
A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
Perseverance59
A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.
Empathy57
A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feelings at work.
Intellectual Curiosity51
A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.
Leadership Orientation51
A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
Tolerance for Ambiguity50
A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
Sincerity33
A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.
Cautiousness6
A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related decisions or doing work.

Interests (RIASEC)

Holland's six occupational interest types (RIASEC) this work tends to attract.

Enterprising80
Work involves managing, negotiating, marketing, or selling, typically in a business setting, or leading or advising people in political and legal situations. Enterprising occupations are often associated with business initiatives, sales, marketing/advertising, finance, management/administration, professional advising, public speaking, politics, or law.
Artistic61
Work involves creating original visual artwork, performances, written works, food, or music for a variety of media, or applying artistic principles to the design of various objects and materials. Artistic occupations are often associated with visual arts, applied arts and design, performing arts, music, creative writing, media, or culinary art.
Social49
Work involves helping, teaching, advising, assisting, or providing service to others. Social occupations are often associated with social, health care, personal service, teaching/education, or religious activities.
Conventional41
Work involves following procedures and regulations to organize information or data, typically in a business setting. Conventional occupations are often associated with office work, accounting, mathematics/statistics, information technology, finance, or human resources.
Investigative29
Work involves studying and researching non-living objects, living organisms, disease or other forms of impairment, or human behavior. Investigative occupations are often associated with physical, life, medical, or social sciences, and can be found in the fields of humanities, mathematics/statistics, information technology, or health care service.
Realistic0
Work involves designing, building, or repairing of equipment, materials, or structures, engaging in physical activity, or working outdoors. Realistic occupations are often associated with engineering, mechanics and electronics, construction, woodworking, transportation, machine operation, agriculture, animal services, physical or manual labor, athletics, or protective services.

Work Context

Physical and social factors that influence the nature of work.

E-Mail
- Every day95%
Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams
- Every day82%
- Once a week or more but not every day18%
Telephone Conversations
- Every day86%
Time Pressure
- Every day64%
- Once a week or more but not every day27%
Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team
- Extremely important55%
- Very important41%
Contact With Others
- Constant contact with others52%
- Contact with others most of the time38%
Indoors, Environmentally Controlled
- Every day77%
- Never14%
Duration of Typical Work Week
- More than 40 hours64%
- 40 hours36%
Importance of Being Exact or Accurate
- Extremely important45%
- Very important27%
- Important27%
Frequency of Decision Making
- Every day48%
- Once a week or more but not every day29%
- Once a month or more but not every week14%
Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results
- Very important results33%
- Important results48%
Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities
- Extremely important23%
- Very important55%
- Important23%

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Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals
- A lot of freedom14%
- Some freedom68%
- Limited freedom14%
Spend Time Sitting
- Continually or almost continually30%
- More than half the time35%
- About half the time30%
Level of Competition
- Extremely competitive14%
- Highly competitive55%
- Moderately competitive32%
Freedom to Make Decisions
- Some freedom67%
- Limited freedom19%
Deal With External Customers or the Public in General
- Extremely important32%
- Very important27%
- Important32%
Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers
- High responsibility45%
- Moderate responsibility36%
Written Letters and Memos
- Every day29%
- Once a week or more but not every day19%
- Once a month or more but not every week29%
- Once a year or more but not every month19%
Conflict Situations
- Once a week or more but not every day27%
- Once a month or more but not every week45%
- Once a year or more but not every month23%
Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People
- Every day14%
- Once a month or more but not every week50%
- Once a year or more but not every month27%
Public Speaking
- Once a week or more but not every day23%
- Once a month or more but not every week50%
- Once a year or more but not every month27%
Consequence of Error
- Very serious24%
- Serious29%
- Fairly serious38%
Physical Proximity
- Moderately close (at arm's length)18%
- Slightly close (e.g., shared office)36%
- I work with others but not closely (e.g., private office)36%
Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable
- Once a week or more but not every day18%
- Once a year or more but not every month50%
- Never14%
Importance of Repeating Same Tasks
- Very important14%
- Important18%
- Fairly important23%
- Not important at all36%
Spend Time Standing
- About half the time27%
- Less than half the time64%
Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions
- Continually or almost continually14%
- Less than half the time38%
- Never33%
In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment
- Once a week or more but not every day14%
- Once a month or more but not every week18%
- Once a year or more but not every month23%
- Never41%
Degree of Automation
- Moderately automated23%
- Slightly automated55%
- Not at all automated18%
Health and Safety of Other Workers
- Moderate responsibility23%
- Limited responsibility50%
- No responsibility23%
Spend Time Walking or Running
- About half the time14%
- Less than half the time64%
- Never23%
Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions
- Once a month or more but not every week14%
- Once a year or more but not every month59%
- Never27%
Outdoors, Under Cover
- Once a year or more but not every month68%
- Never23%
Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled
- Once a month or more but not every week18%
- Once a year or more but not every month36%
- Never45%
Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls
- Continually or almost continually14%
- Never77%
Work Schedules
- Irregular (changes with weather conditions, production demands, or contract duration)32%
- Regular (established routine, set schedule)68%
Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People
- Once a year or more but not every month23%
- Never68%
Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions
- Once a year or more but not every month32%
- Never68%
Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body
- Less than half the time33%
- Never67%
Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures
- Once a year or more but not every month27%
- Never73%
Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling
- Less than half the time27%
- Never73%
Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets
- Once a year or more but not every month24%
- Never76%
Exposed to Contaminants
- Once a year or more but not every month14%
- Never86%
Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions
- Once a year or more but not every month14%
- Never86%
In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment
- Once a year or more but not every month14%
- Never86%
Exposed to Disease or Infections
- Never90%
Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings
- Never91%
Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment
- Not important at all95%
Exposed to Hazardous Equipment
- Never95%
Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles
- Never95%
Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance
- Never95%
Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection
- Never95%
Exposed to Hazardous Conditions
- Never100%
Exposed to High Places
- Never100%
Exposed to Radiation
- Never100%
Exposed to Whole Body Vibration
- Never100%

Typical Education Levels Reported

Education levels O*NET survey respondents in this occupation most often reported having.

Bachelor’s degree
Master’s degree

Technology Skills

Specific software and technology tools commonly used on the job.

Web page creation and editing software
Adobe Dreamweaver, Facebook, Website management software, WordPress
Graphics or photo imaging software
Adobe Creative Cloud software, Adobe Illustrator, Canva, JamBoard
Web platform development software
Cascading style sheets CSS, Drupal, Hypertext markup language HTML, JavaScript
Video creation and editing software
Adobe After Effects, Apple Final Cut Express, Apple Final Cut Pro, YouTube
Data base user interface and query software
Airtable, Cision CisionPoint, FileMaker Pro, Google
Customer relationship management CRM software
Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge, Microsoft Dynamics, Oracle Eloqua, Salesforce software
Word processing software
3M Post-it App, Adobe Acrobat Writer, Google Docs, Microsoft Word
Presentation software
Apple Keynote, Google Slides, Mentimeter, Microsoft PowerPoint
Document management software
Adobe Acrobat, Adobe Acrobat Reader, Microsoft SharePoint
Sales and marketing software
Google Ads, HubSpot software, Marketo Marketing Automation
Desktop publishing software
Adobe InDesign, Microsoft Publisher
Network conferencing software
LogMeIn GoToWebinar, Slido interaction software
Spreadsheet software
Microsoft Excel
Electronic mail software
Microsoft Outlook
Network monitoring software
Wireshark
Development environment software
Adobe ActionScript
Video conferencing software
Cisco Webex
Desktop communications software
ParentSquare
Office suite software
Microsoft Office software
Cloud-based data access and sharing software
Google Drive
Operating system software
Apple macOS
Instant messaging software
Twitter
Data base reporting software
Oracle Business Intelligence Discoverer
Multi-media educational software
Nearpod
Internet browser software
Web browser software
Data mining software
Google Analytics
Project management software
Microsoft Project
Information retrieval or search software
LexisNexis

Professional Associations

Organizations related to this occupation, such as industry and licensing bodies.

Related Occupations

Detailed Work Activities

More specific, granular versions of the Work Activities above.

Provide educational information to the public.
Develop promotional strategies or plans.
Write advertising or promotional material.
Develop business relationships.
Develop collaborative relationships between departments or with external organizations.
Collaborate with others in marketing activities.
Coach others.
Write informational material.
Edit written materials.
Coordinate logistics for productions or events.
Conduct market research.
Communicate with management or other staff to resolve problems.

Show all 15 →

Maintain contingency plans for disaster recovery.
Inform viewers, listeners, or audiences.
Promote products, activities, or organizations.

Apprenticeship Occupations

Registered apprenticeship program titles associated with this occupation.

Marketing Coordinator
Public Affairs
Services (Base Facilities), (3m0x1)

This page incorporates information from O*NET Web Services by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA).

Based on federal labor and demographic data. Data source & methodology