Psychologists

Job Zone

Job Zone Five: Extensive Preparation Needed

Most of these occupations require graduate school. For example, they may require a master's degree, and some require a Ph.D., M.D., or J.D. (law degree).

Job Zones group occupations into one of five categories based on the education, experience, and training typically needed to perform them.

Tasks

Specific duties and responsibilities regularly performed in this occupation.

Report any pertinent information to the proper authorities in cases of child endangerment, neglect, or abuse.95
Interpret test results and prepare psychological reports for teachers, administrators, and parents.95
Maintain student records, including special education reports, confidential records, records of services provided, and behavioral data.94
Compile and interpret students' test results, along with information from teachers and parents, to diagnose conditions and to help assess eligibility for special services.92
Collaborate with other educational professionals to develop teaching strategies and school programs.90
Select, administer, and score psychological tests.88
Assess an individual child's needs, limitations, and potential, using observation, review of school records, and consultation with parents and school personnel.86
Collect and analyze data to evaluate the effectiveness of academic programs and other services, such as behavioral management systems.85
Initiate and direct efforts to foster tolerance, understanding, and appreciation of diversity in school communities.85
Promote an understanding of child development and its relationship to learning and behavior.83
Develop individualized educational plans in collaboration with teachers and other staff members.83
Provide consultation to parents, teachers, administrators, and others on topics such as learning styles and behavior modification techniques.82

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Attend workshops, seminars, or professional meetings to remain informed of new developments in school psychology.79
Counsel children and families to help solve conflicts and problems in learning and adjustment.78
Serve as a resource to help families and schools deal with crises, such as separation and loss.76
Refer students and their families to appropriate community agencies for medical, vocational, or social services.73
Provide educational programs on topics such as classroom management, teaching strategies, or parenting skills.67
Design classes and programs to meet the needs of special students.64
Conduct research to generate new knowledge that can be used to address learning and behavior issues.51
Analyze schoolwide academic performance to determine students' needs.—
Supervise and instruct students on internship assignments.—

Skills

Developed capacities that facilitate learning or the more rapid acquisition of knowledge.

Reading Comprehension91
Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
Speaking91
Talking to others to convey information effectively.
Active Listening88
Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
Social Perceptiveness81
Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
Critical Thinking78
Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
Writing78
Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
Complex Problem Solving75
Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
Judgment and Decision Making75
Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Monitoring75
Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
Active Learning72
Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
Learning Strategies72
Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
Service Orientation72
Actively looking for ways to help people.

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Coordination69
Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
Negotiation63
Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
Persuasion63
Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
Time Management63
Managing one's own time and the time of others.
Instructing60
Teaching others how to do something.
Systems Analysis53
Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
Systems Evaluation53
Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
Mathematics47
Using mathematics to solve problems.
Management of Personnel Resources44
Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
Science38
Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
Programming19
Writing computer programs for various purposes.
Operations Analysis16
Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
Technology Design16
Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
Operations Monitoring10
Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
Quality Control Analysis10
Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
Equipment Selection3
Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Equipment Maintenance0
Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
Installation0
Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
Management of Financial Resources0
Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.
Management of Material Resources0
Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
Operation and Control0
Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
Repairing0
Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
Troubleshooting0
Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.

Knowledge

Organized sets of principles and facts that apply in general domains.

Psychology100
Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
Therapy and Counseling90
Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.
Education and Training85
Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
English Language76
Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.
Customer and Personal Service66
Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
Law and Government65
Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
Sociology and Anthropology65
Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.
Administrative63
Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.
Mathematics54
Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
Computers and Electronics42
Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
Administration and Management41
Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
Public Safety and Security40
Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.

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Philosophy and Theology34
Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.
Foreign Language27
Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
Personnel and Human Resources27
Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
Communications and Media26
Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
Medicine and Dentistry22
Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.
Biology21
Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
Telecommunications17
Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.
History and Archeology14
Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.
Geography9
Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
Transportation9
Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
Economics and Accounting8
Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.
Production and Processing6
Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
Fine Arts5
Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.
Design4
Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.
Engineering and Technology4
Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
Sales and Marketing4
Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
Chemistry1
Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
Building and Construction0
Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
Food Production0
Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.
Mechanical0
Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
Physics0
Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.

Abilities

Enduring attributes of the individual that influence performance.

Oral Comprehension91
The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
Oral Expression91
The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
Written Expression85
The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
Written Comprehension81
The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
Deductive Reasoning78
The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
Inductive Reasoning78
The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
Problem Sensitivity78
The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.
Speech Clarity78
The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
Speech Recognition75
The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
Near Vision69
The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
Category Flexibility60
The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
Information Ordering60
The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).

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Fluency of Ideas56
The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).
Originality50
The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
Selective Attention50
The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
Flexibility of Closure47
The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
Mathematical Reasoning47
The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.
Memorization47
The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
Time Sharing47
The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
Far Vision44
The ability to see details at a distance.
Speed of Closure41
The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
Number Facility38
The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
Perceptual Speed38
The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
Visualization28
The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
Auditory Attention22
The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
Trunk Strength22
The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.
Visual Color Discrimination19
The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
Wrist-Finger Speed16
The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
Hearing Sensitivity13
The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
Static Strength13
The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
Explosive Strength10
The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
Gross Body Coordination10
The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
Gross Body Equilibrium10
The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
Manual Dexterity10
The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
Multilimb Coordination10
The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
Reaction Time10
The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
Speed of Limb Movement10
The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
Stamina10
The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
Extent Flexibility6
The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Response Orientation6
The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
Dynamic Strength3
The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
Finger Dexterity3
The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
Spatial Orientation3
The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
Arm-Hand Steadiness0
The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
Control Precision0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
Depth Perception0
The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
Dynamic Flexibility0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Glare Sensitivity0
The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
Night Vision0
The ability to see under low-light conditions.
Peripheral Vision0
The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
Rate Control0
The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
Sound Localization0
The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

Work Activities

General types of job behaviors occurring on multiple jobs.

Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others91
Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
Making Decisions and Solving Problems91
Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships90
Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Getting Information89
Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates86
Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
Analyzing Data or Information85
Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
Documenting/Recording Information85
Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
Providing Consultation and Advice to Others83
Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge82
Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
Working with Computers82
Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work80
Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards79
Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.

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Assisting and Caring for Others76
Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
Processing Information76
Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others76
Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
Developing and Building Teams71
Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
Communicating with People Outside the Organization67
Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
Developing Objectives and Strategies65
Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public65
Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
Scheduling Work and Activities65
Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
Training and Teaching Others64
Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events62
Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
Coaching and Developing Others61
Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
Performing Administrative Activities61
Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings58
Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
Thinking Creatively54
Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others51
Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People50
Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates47
Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
Selling or Influencing Others38
Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information32
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
Handling and Moving Objects29
Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials26
Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
Monitoring and Controlling Resources21
Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
Staffing Organizational Units21
Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
Performing General Physical Activities20
Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
Controlling Machines and Processes19
Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment7
Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment5
Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment3
Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment3
Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.

Work Styles

Personal characteristics that can affect how well someone performs a job.

Empathy99
A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feelings at work.
Cooperation90
A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
Dependability88
A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.
Attention to Detail86
A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
Sincerity84
A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.
Integrity82
A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
Social Orientation78
A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
Self-Control75
A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.
Stress Tolerance75
A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
Intellectual Curiosity73
A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.
Optimism73
A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even under difficult circumstances.
Adaptability71
A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas at work.

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Achievement Orientation68
A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.
Perseverance66
A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.
Cautiousness61
A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related decisions or doing work.
Initiative60
A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.
Self-Confidence55
A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.
Tolerance for Ambiguity53
A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
Humility45
A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
Innovation45
A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on ways to accomplish work.
Leadership Orientation42
A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.

Interests (RIASEC)

Holland's six occupational interest types (RIASEC) this work tends to attract.

Social96
Work involves helping, teaching, advising, assisting, or providing service to others. Social occupations are often associated with social, health care, personal service, teaching/education, or religious activities.
Investigative67
Work involves studying and researching non-living objects, living organisms, disease or other forms of impairment, or human behavior. Investigative occupations are often associated with physical, life, medical, or social sciences, and can be found in the fields of humanities, mathematics/statistics, information technology, or health care service.
Conventional50
Work involves following procedures and regulations to organize information or data, typically in a business setting. Conventional occupations are often associated with office work, accounting, mathematics/statistics, information technology, finance, or human resources.
Artistic39
Work involves creating original visual artwork, performances, written works, food, or music for a variety of media, or applying artistic principles to the design of various objects and materials. Artistic occupations are often associated with visual arts, applied arts and design, performing arts, music, creative writing, media, or culinary art.
Enterprising30
Work involves managing, negotiating, marketing, or selling, typically in a business setting, or leading or advising people in political and legal situations. Enterprising occupations are often associated with business initiatives, sales, marketing/advertising, finance, management/administration, professional advising, public speaking, politics, or law.
Realistic0
Work involves designing, building, or repairing of equipment, materials, or structures, engaging in physical activity, or working outdoors. Realistic occupations are often associated with engineering, mechanics and electronics, construction, woodworking, transportation, machine operation, agriculture, animal services, physical or manual labor, athletics, or protective services.

Work Context

Physical and social factors that influence the nature of work.

E-Mail
- Every day96%
Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams
- Every day92%
Indoors, Environmentally Controlled
- Every day88%
Telephone Conversations
- Every day69%
- Once a week or more but not every day31%
Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team
- Extremely important58%
- Very important42%
Freedom to Make Decisions
- A lot of freedom52%
- Some freedom48%
Time Pressure
- Every day58%
- Once a week or more but not every day35%
Contact With Others
- Constant contact with others44%
- Contact with others most of the time52%
Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals
- A lot of freedom46%
- Some freedom46%
Importance of Being Exact or Accurate
- Extremely important42%
- Very important50%
Written Letters and Memos
- Every day40%
- Once a week or more but not every day36%
- Once a month or more but not every week24%
Deal With External Customers or the Public in General
- Extremely important35%
- Very important38%
- Important15%

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Spend Time Sitting
- Continually or almost continually12%
- More than half the time69%
- About half the time19%
Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results
- Very important results17%
- Important results63%
- Moderate results13%
Frequency of Decision Making
- Every day28%
- Once a week or more but not every day44%
- Once a month or more but not every week16%
Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities
- Extremely important13%
- Very important63%
- Important13%
- Fairly important13%
Duration of Typical Work Week
- More than 40 hours36%
- 40 hours64%
Conflict Situations
- Every day12%
- Once a week or more but not every day36%
- Once a month or more but not every week48%
Physical Proximity
- Moderately close (at arm's length)50%
- Slightly close (e.g., shared office)27%
- I work with others but not closely (e.g., private office)19%
Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People
- Once a week or more but not every day31%
- Once a month or more but not every week46%
- Once a year or more but not every month19%
Consequence of Error
- Extremely serious12%
- Very serious24%
- Serious24%
- Fairly serious28%
- Not serious at all12%
Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable
- Once a week or more but not every day27%
- Once a month or more but not every week27%
- Once a year or more but not every month19%
- Never19%
Public Speaking
- Once a week or more but not every day20%
- Once a month or more but not every week32%
- Once a year or more but not every month40%
Health and Safety of Other Workers
- High responsibility12%
- Moderate responsibility31%
- Limited responsibility31%
- No responsibility19%
Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers
- High responsibility19%
- Moderate responsibility27%
- Limited responsibility31%
- No responsibility19%
Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People
- Once a week or more but not every day15%
- Once a month or more but not every week23%
- Once a year or more but not every month58%
Level of Competition
- Highly competitive15%
- Moderately competitive38%
- Slightly competitive27%
- Not at all competitive19%
Exposed to Disease or Infections
- Once a week or more but not every day12%
- Once a month or more but not every week16%
- Once a year or more but not every month28%
- Never36%
Spend Time Standing
- About half the time27%
- Less than half the time62%
Importance of Repeating Same Tasks
- Very important12%
- Important35%
- Not important at all46%
Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls
- More than half the time27%
- Less than half the time23%
- Never42%
Spend Time Walking or Running
- About half the time15%
- Less than half the time73%
- Never12%
Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions
- Less than half the time21%
- Never58%
Degree of Automation
- Moderately automated19%
- Slightly automated38%
- Not at all automated42%
Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled
- Once a month or more but not every week15%
- Once a year or more but not every month19%
- Never58%
Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions
- Once a year or more but not every month15%
- Never69%
Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions
- Once a month or more but not every week15%
- Once a year or more but not every month19%
- Never62%
Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling
- Less than half the time58%
- Never38%
In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment
- Never77%
Exposed to Contaminants
- Never80%
Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions
- Once a year or more but not every month23%
- Never65%
Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body
- Less than half the time28%
- Never64%
Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings
- Once a month or more but not every week12%
- Once a year or more but not every month16%
- Never72%
Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures
- Once a month or more but not every week12%
- Once a year or more but not every month15%
- Never73%
Work Schedules
- Irregular (changes with weather conditions, production demands, or contract duration)15%
- Regular (established routine, set schedule)85%
Outdoors, Under Cover
- Once a year or more but not every month12%
- Never81%
Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance
- Less than half the time28%
- Never72%
Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment
- Not important at all92%
Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles
- Never92%
Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets
- Never92%
Exposed to Radiation
- Never96%
Exposed to Hazardous Conditions
- Never100%
Exposed to Hazardous Equipment
- Never100%
Exposed to High Places
- Never100%
Exposed to Whole Body Vibration
- Never100%
In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment
- Never100%
Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection
- Never100%

Typical Education Levels Reported

Education levels O*NET survey respondents in this occupation most often reported having.

Post-master’s certificate
Master’s degree
Professional degree

Technology Skills

Specific software and technology tools commonly used on the job.

Video conferencing software
Google Meet, Zoom
Data base user interface and query software
Centris Group IEP Direct, Global Education Technologies EXCENT, PowerSchool Group PowerSchool SIS, Vision Management Consulting IEP PlaNET
Word processing software
Ewing Solutions QuickWriter, Microsoft Word
Spreadsheet software
Microsoft Excel
Electronic mail software
Email software
Optical character reader OCR or scanning software
Test scoring software
Computer based training software
Instructional software
Office suite software
Microsoft Office software
Analytical or scientific software
Testing software
Internet browser software
Web browser software
Presentation software
Microsoft PowerPoint

Professional Associations

Organizations related to this occupation, such as industry and licensing bodies.

Related Occupations

Occupations that call for similar work and worker requirements.

Detailed Work Activities

More specific, granular versions of the Work Activities above.

Collaborate with law enforcement or security agencies to share information.
Coordinate with external parties to exchange information.
Interpret research or operational data.
Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations.
Maintain records, documents, or other files.
Maintain student records.
Assess educational needs of students.
Collect information about clients.
Coordinate cross-disciplinary research programs.
Administer standardized physical or psychological tests.
Collect information from people through observation, interviews, or surveys.
Develop educational programs.

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Conduct scientific research of organizational behavior or processes.
Advise others on educational matters.
Design psychological or educational treatment procedures or programs.
Attend conferences or workshops to maintain professional knowledge.
Counsel clients on mental health or personal achievement.
Advise others on healthcare matters.
Observe individuals' activities to gather information or compile evidence.
Research topics in area of expertise.

This page incorporates information from O*NET Web Services by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA).

Based on federal labor and demographic data. Data source & methodology