Proofreaders and Copy Markers

Job Zone

Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed

Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.

Job Zones group occupations into one of five categories based on the education, experience, and training typically needed to perform them.

Tasks

Specific duties and responsibilities regularly performed in this occupation.

Mark copy to indicate and correct errors in type, arrangement, grammar, punctuation, or spelling, using standard printers' marks.93
Read corrected copies or proofs to ensure that all corrections have been made.90
Correct or record omissions, errors, or inconsistencies found.89
Compare information or figures on one record against same data on other records, or with original copy, to detect errors.86
Route proofs with marked corrections to authors, editors, typists, or typesetters for correction or reprinting.84
Consult reference books or secure aid of readers to check references with rules of grammar and composition.83
Typeset and measure dimensions, spacing, and positioning of page elements, such as copy and illustrations, to verify conformance to specifications, using printer's ruler or layout software.82
Consult with authors and editors regarding manuscript changes and suggestions.74
Archive documents, conduct research, and read copy, using the internet and various computer programs.72
Write original content, such as headlines, cutlines, captions, and cover copy.66
Read proof sheets aloud, calling out punctuation marks and spelling unusual words and proper names.58
Check the facts of stories using the internet.—

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Design page layouts using text, photographs, graphics, and other elements.—

Skills

Developed capacities that facilitate learning or the more rapid acquisition of knowledge.

Reading Comprehension81
Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
Writing66
Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
Speaking56
Talking to others to convey information effectively.
Active Listening53
Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
Critical Thinking50
Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
Monitoring47
Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
Time Management44
Managing one's own time and the time of others.
Active Learning38
Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
Judgment and Decision Making38
Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Complex Problem Solving35
Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
Quality Control Analysis35
Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
Coordination31
Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.

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Social Perceptiveness31
Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
Learning Strategies25
Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
Systems Analysis25
Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
Systems Evaluation25
Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
Mathematics22
Using mathematics to solve problems.
Persuasion22
Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
Instructing19
Teaching others how to do something.
Negotiation19
Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
Service Orientation19
Actively looking for ways to help people.
Management of Personnel Resources16
Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
Operations Analysis10
Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
Programming6
Writing computer programs for various purposes.
Science3
Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
Equipment Maintenance0
Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
Equipment Selection0
Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Installation0
Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
Management of Financial Resources0
Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.
Management of Material Resources0
Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
Operation and Control0
Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
Operations Monitoring0
Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
Repairing0
Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
Technology Design0
Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
Troubleshooting0
Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.

Knowledge

Organized sets of principles and facts that apply in general domains.

English Language99
Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.
Communications and Media59
Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
Computers and Electronics51
Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
Administrative39
Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.
Administration and Management35
Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
Customer and Personal Service30
Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
Design29
Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.
Mathematics26
Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
Education and Training24
Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
Philosophy and Theology24
Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.
Geography23
Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
Sociology and Anthropology20
Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.

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Law and Government19
Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
Psychology19
Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
History and Archeology14
Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.
Foreign Language12
Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
Telecommunications12
Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.
Sales and Marketing11
Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
Public Safety and Security9
Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
Production and Processing8
Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
Engineering and Technology7
Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
Economics and Accounting6
Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.
Mechanical6
Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
Transportation5
Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
Fine Arts4
Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.
Therapy and Counseling3
Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.
Personnel and Human Resources2
Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
Chemistry1
Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
Physics1
Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.
Biology0
Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
Building and Construction0
Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
Food Production0
Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.
Medicine and Dentistry0
Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.

Abilities

Enduring attributes of the individual that influence performance.

Written Comprehension85
The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
Near Vision72
The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
Oral Comprehension69
The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
Written Expression66
The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
Oral Expression63
The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
Problem Sensitivity56
The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.
Deductive Reasoning53
The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
Perceptual Speed53
The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
Information Ordering50
The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
Speech Clarity50
The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
Speech Recognition50
The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
Selective Attention47
The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.

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Inductive Reasoning44
The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
Category Flexibility38
The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
Flexibility of Closure38
The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
Speed of Closure28
The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
Visualization28
The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
Finger Dexterity25
The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
Fluency of Ideas25
The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).
Mathematical Reasoning25
The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.
Memorization25
The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
Arm-Hand Steadiness22
The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
Manual Dexterity22
The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
Originality22
The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
Time Sharing22
The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
Far Vision19
The ability to see details at a distance.
Visual Color Discrimination19
The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
Auditory Attention16
The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
Trunk Strength16
The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.
Hearing Sensitivity13
The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
Control Precision10
The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
Dynamic Strength10
The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
Number Facility10
The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
Wrist-Finger Speed10
The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
Reaction Time3
The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
Depth Perception0
The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
Dynamic Flexibility0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Explosive Strength0
The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
Extent Flexibility0
The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Glare Sensitivity0
The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
Gross Body Coordination0
The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
Gross Body Equilibrium0
The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
Multilimb Coordination0
The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
Night Vision0
The ability to see under low-light conditions.
Peripheral Vision0
The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
Rate Control0
The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
Response Orientation0
The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
Sound Localization0
The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
Spatial Orientation0
The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
Speed of Limb Movement0
The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
Stamina0
The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
Static Strength0
The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.

Work Activities

General types of job behaviors occurring on multiple jobs.

Getting Information84
Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
Working with Computers78
Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
Processing Information77
Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships70
Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events69
Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge64
Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work61
Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
Documenting/Recording Information57
Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards57
Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates56
Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
Analyzing Data or Information53
Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
Making Decisions and Solving Problems47
Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.

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Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others42
Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
Scheduling Work and Activities39
Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings34
Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
Thinking Creatively33
Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment25
Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
Communicating with People Outside the Organization23
Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
Developing and Building Teams22
Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
Performing Administrative Activities21
Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information19
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People19
Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
Handling and Moving Objects16
Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others15
Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
Developing Objectives and Strategies13
Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
Assisting and Caring for Others12
Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public10
Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
Providing Consultation and Advice to Others10
Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials8
Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
Training and Teaching Others8
Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
Coaching and Developing Others7
Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment7
Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.
Monitoring and Controlling Resources7
Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
Selling or Influencing Others7
Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates6
Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
Staffing Organizational Units6
Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
Performing General Physical Activities5
Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others5
Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
Controlling Machines and Processes4
Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment0
Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment0
Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.

Work Styles

Personal characteristics that can affect how well someone performs a job.

Attention to Detail100
A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
Dependability98
A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.
Cautiousness75
A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related decisions or doing work.
Perseverance37
A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.
Achievement Orientation36
A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.
Cooperation27
A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
Stress Tolerance22
A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
Integrity21
A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
Self-Control19
A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.
Humility18
A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
Self-Confidence18
A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.
Initiative17
A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.

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Intellectual Curiosity14
A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.
Sincerity5
A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.

Interests (RIASEC)

Holland's six occupational interest types (RIASEC) this work tends to attract.

Conventional86
Work involves following procedures and regulations to organize information or data, typically in a business setting. Conventional occupations are often associated with office work, accounting, mathematics/statistics, information technology, finance, or human resources.
Artistic43
Work involves creating original visual artwork, performances, written works, food, or music for a variety of media, or applying artistic principles to the design of various objects and materials. Artistic occupations are often associated with visual arts, applied arts and design, performing arts, music, creative writing, media, or culinary art.
Investigative25
Work involves studying and researching non-living objects, living organisms, disease or other forms of impairment, or human behavior. Investigative occupations are often associated with physical, life, medical, or social sciences, and can be found in the fields of humanities, mathematics/statistics, information technology, or health care service.
Social20
Work involves helping, teaching, advising, assisting, or providing service to others. Social occupations are often associated with social, health care, personal service, teaching/education, or religious activities.
Enterprising9
Work involves managing, negotiating, marketing, or selling, typically in a business setting, or leading or advising people in political and legal situations. Enterprising occupations are often associated with business initiatives, sales, marketing/advertising, finance, management/administration, professional advising, public speaking, politics, or law.
Realistic7
Work involves designing, building, or repairing of equipment, materials, or structures, engaging in physical activity, or working outdoors. Realistic occupations are often associated with engineering, mechanics and electronics, construction, woodworking, transportation, machine operation, agriculture, animal services, physical or manual labor, athletics, or protective services.

Work Context

Physical and social factors that influence the nature of work.

Importance of Being Exact or Accurate
- Extremely important94%
Spend Time Sitting
- Continually or almost continually85%
- More than half the time15%
Indoors, Environmentally Controlled
- Every day79%
- Once a week or more but not every day19%
Contact With Others
- Constant contact with others73%
- Contact with others most of the time27%
E-Mail
- Every day84%
- Once a month or more but not every week14%
Time Pressure
- Every day75%
- Once a week or more but not every day21%
Importance of Repeating Same Tasks
- Extremely important70%
- Very important27%
Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team
- Extremely important67%
- Very important19%
- Important14%
Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions
- Continually or almost continually75%
- More than half the time15%
Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams
- Every day66%
- Once a week or more but not every day21%
- Never14%
Freedom to Make Decisions
- A lot of freedom26%
- Limited freedom26%
Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable
- Every day28%
- Once a year or more but not every month24%

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Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls
- Continually or almost continually59%
- More than half the time13%
- Never28%
Telephone Conversations
- Every day29%
- Once a week or more but not every day24%
- Once a month or more but not every week31%
- Once a year or more but not every month14%
Frequency of Decision Making
- Every day33%
- Once a week or more but not every day19%
- Once a month or more but not every week21%
- Once a year or more but not every month27%
Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals
- A lot of freedom12%
- Limited freedom14%
- Very little freedom19%
- No freedom13%
Physical Proximity
- Moderately close (at arm's length)30%
- Slightly close (e.g., shared office)51%
- I work with others but not closely (e.g., private office)19%
Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities
- Important25%
- Not important at all28%
Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results
- Moderate results42%
- Minor results47%
Deal With External Customers or the Public in General
- Extremely important21%
- Very important14%
- Fairly important33%
- Not important at all31%
Conflict Situations
- Once a week or more but not every day23%
- Once a month or more but not every week21%
- Once a year or more but not every month25%
- Never30%
Degree of Automation
- Slightly automated35%
- Not at all automated13%
Written Letters and Memos
- Once a year or more but not every month18%
- Never39%
Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers
- Limited responsibility39%
- No responsibility16%
Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People
- Every day14%
- Once a month or more but not every week13%
- Once a year or more but not every month13%
- Never51%
Consequence of Error
- Extremely serious15%
- Not serious at all34%
Duration of Typical Work Week
Level of Competition
- Moderately competitive29%
- Not at all competitive36%
Exposed to Contaminants
- Every day14%
- Once a year or more but not every month23%
- Never63%
Work Schedules
- Irregular (changes with weather conditions, production demands, or contract duration)34%
- Regular (established routine, set schedule)66%
Spend Time Standing
- Less than half the time46%
- Never54%
Spend Time Walking or Running
- Less than half the time47%
- Never53%
Public Speaking
- Once a year or more but not every month27%
- Never72%
Health and Safety of Other Workers
- Limited responsibility27%
- No responsibility73%
In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment
- Never87%
Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions
- Once a month or more but not every week12%
- Never87%
Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures
- Once a year or more but not every month25%
- Never75%
Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions
- Never87%
Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body
- Less than half the time17%
- Never83%
Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions
- Once a year or more but not every month12%
- Never88%
Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled
- Once a year or more but not every month13%
- Never87%
Outdoors, Under Cover
- Never92%
Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment
- Not important at all99%
Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People
- Never100%
Exposed to Disease or Infections
- Never100%
Exposed to Hazardous Conditions
- Never100%
Exposed to Hazardous Equipment
- Never100%
Exposed to High Places
- Never100%
Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings
- Never100%
Exposed to Radiation
- Never100%
Exposed to Whole Body Vibration
- Never100%
In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment
- Never100%
Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles
- Never100%
Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance
- Never100%
Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling
- Never99%
Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets
- Never100%
Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection
- Never100%

Typical Education Levels Reported

Education levels O*NET survey respondents in this occupation most often reported having.

Bachelor’s degree
Associate’s degree or other 2-year degree
Some college, no degree

Technology Skills

Specific software and technology tools commonly used on the job.

Word processing software
Adobe InCopy, Microsoft Word, Serenity Software Editor, WhiteSmoke
Computer based training software
Adobe Captivate, InScribe
Graphics or photo imaging software
Adobe Creative Cloud software, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop
Desktop publishing software
Adobe FrameMaker, Adobe InDesign, QuarkXPress
Video creation and editing software
Adobe After Effects, Apple Final Cut Pro, Avid Technology Media Composer
Data base user interface and query software
FileMaker Pro, Microsoft Access, Style guide databases
Web page creation and editing software
Adobe Dreamweaver, HP Autonomy TeamSite, WordPress
Presentation software
Apple iWork Keynote, Microsoft PowerPoint
Spreadsheet software
Microsoft Excel
Electronic mail software
Microsoft Outlook
Document management software
Adobe Acrobat
Office suite software
Microsoft Office software
Sales and marketing software
HubSpot software
Internet protocol IP multimedia subsystem software
File transfer protocol FTP client software
Program testing software
Bugzilla
Process mapping and design software
Microsoft Visio

Professional Associations

Organizations related to this occupation, such as industry and licensing bodies.

Related Occupations

Occupations that call for similar work and worker requirements.

Detailed Work Activities

More specific, granular versions of the Work Activities above.

Proofread documents, records, or other files to ensure accuracy.
Verify accuracy of financial or transactional data.
Coordinate operational activities.
Search files, databases or reference materials to obtain needed information.
Collaborate with others to determine production details.
File documents or records.
Search information sources to find specific data.
Report news to the public.

This page incorporates information from O*NET Web Services by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA).

Based on federal labor and demographic data. Data source & methodology