Network and Computer Systems Administrators

Job Zone

Job Zone Three: Medium Preparation Needed

Most occupations in this zone require training in vocational schools, related on-the-job experience, or an associate's degree.

Job Zones group occupations into one of five categories based on the education, experience, and training typically needed to perform them.

Tasks

Specific duties and responsibilities regularly performed in this occupation.

Plan, coordinate, and implement network security measures to protect data, software, and hardware.89
Perform data backups and disaster recovery operations.84
Diagnose, troubleshoot, and resolve hardware, software, or other network and system problems, and replace defective components when necessary.78
Maintain and administer computer networks and related computing environments, including computer hardware, systems software, applications software, and all configurations.77
Configure, monitor, and maintain email applications or virus protection software.73
Confer with network users about solutions to existing system problems.70
Operate master consoles to monitor the performance of computer systems and networks and to coordinate computer network access and use.68
Maintain logs related to network functions, as well as maintenance and repair records.66
Monitor network performance to determine whether adjustments are needed and where changes will be needed in the future.64
Design, configure, and test computer hardware, networking software and operating system software.62
Maintain an inventory of parts for emergency repairs.61
Perform routine network startup and shutdown procedures, and maintain control records.59

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Recommend changes to improve systems and network configurations, and determine hardware or software requirements related to such changes.58
Coordinate with vendors and with company personnel to facilitate purchases.58
Gather data pertaining to customer needs, and use the information to identify, predict, interpret, and evaluate system and network requirements.57
Analyze equipment performance records to determine the need for repair or replacement.57
Train people in computer system use.56
Research new technologies by attending seminars, reading trade articles, or taking classes, and implement or recommend the implementation of new technologies.51
Implement and provide technical support for voice services and equipment, such as private branch exchange, voice mail system, and telecom system.49
Load computer tapes and disks, and install software and printer paper or forms.45

Skills

Developed capacities that facilitate learning or the more rapid acquisition of knowledge.

Active Listening75
Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
Judgment and Decision Making75
Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Systems Analysis75
Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
Systems Evaluation75
Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
Troubleshooting75
Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
Complex Problem Solving72
Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
Critical Thinking72
Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
Monitoring72
Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
Reading Comprehension72
Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
Operations Monitoring63
Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
Programming63
Writing computer programs for various purposes.
Quality Control Analysis60
Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.

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Speaking56
Talking to others to convey information effectively.
Time Management56
Managing one's own time and the time of others.
Active Learning53
Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
Equipment Maintenance53
Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
Operation and Control53
Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
Repairing53
Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
Coordination50
Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
Instructing50
Teaching others how to do something.
Learning Strategies50
Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
Operations Analysis50
Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
Writing50
Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
Equipment Selection47
Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Management of Personnel Resources47
Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
Social Perceptiveness47
Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
Mathematics44
Using mathematics to solve problems.
Service Orientation44
Actively looking for ways to help people.
Technology Design44
Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
Installation41
Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
Persuasion38
Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
Negotiation35
Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
Management of Material Resources31
Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
Science28
Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
Management of Financial Resources19
Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.

Knowledge

Organized sets of principles and facts that apply in general domains.

Computers and Electronics91
Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
Telecommunications64
Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.
Customer and Personal Service59
Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
English Language59
Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.
Administration and Management54
Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
Administrative53
Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.
Engineering and Technology49
Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
Design36
Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.
Mathematics35
Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
Public Safety and Security34
Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
Communications and Media33
Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
Education and Training28
Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.

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Law and Government27
Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
Personnel and Human Resources23
Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
Mechanical18
Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
Production and Processing18
Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
Economics and Accounting15
Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.
Psychology15
Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
Sales and Marketing13
Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
Geography12
Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
Transportation11
Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
Building and Construction8
Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
Physics8
Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.
Sociology and Anthropology8
Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.
Foreign Language5
Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
Chemistry3
Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
Food Production3
Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.
Therapy and Counseling3
Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.
Fine Arts2
Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.
Biology1
Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
Medicine and Dentistry1
Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.
History and Archeology0
Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.
Philosophy and Theology0
Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.

Abilities

Enduring attributes of the individual that influence performance.

Deductive Reasoning75
The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
Inductive Reasoning75
The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
Information Ordering75
The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
Problem Sensitivity75
The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.
Near Vision72
The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
Oral Comprehension72
The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
Oral Expression72
The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
Written Comprehension72
The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
Fluency of Ideas56
The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).
Flexibility of Closure53
The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
Originality53
The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
Visualization53
The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.

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Written Expression53
The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
Category Flexibility50
The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
Perceptual Speed50
The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
Selective Attention50
The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
Speech Clarity50
The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
Speech Recognition50
The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
Speed of Closure47
The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
Visual Color Discrimination47
The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
Arm-Hand Steadiness44
The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
Far Vision44
The ability to see details at a distance.
Manual Dexterity44
The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
Mathematical Reasoning44
The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.
Memorization44
The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
Number Facility44
The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
Control Precision41
The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
Finger Dexterity41
The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
Time Sharing41
The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
Auditory Attention25
The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
Wrist-Finger Speed25
The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
Depth Perception22
The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
Hearing Sensitivity22
The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
Trunk Strength22
The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.
Extent Flexibility19
The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Multilimb Coordination19
The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
Reaction Time19
The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
Rate Control16
The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
Response Orientation16
The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
Spatial Orientation3
The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
Dynamic Flexibility0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Dynamic Strength0
The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
Explosive Strength0
The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
Glare Sensitivity0
The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
Gross Body Coordination0
The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
Gross Body Equilibrium0
The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
Night Vision0
The ability to see under low-light conditions.
Peripheral Vision0
The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
Sound Localization0
The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
Speed of Limb Movement0
The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
Stamina0
The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
Static Strength0
The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.

Work Activities

General types of job behaviors occurring on multiple jobs.

Working with Computers96
Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
Getting Information81
Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
Making Decisions and Solving Problems80
Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
Analyzing Data or Information78
Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge78
Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
Processing Information76
Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
Documenting/Recording Information75
Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates73
Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards73
Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events68
Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings65
Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
Thinking Creatively65
Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.

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Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work63
Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
Developing Objectives and Strategies59
Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
Training and Teaching Others54
Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships53
Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others53
Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials50
Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
Performing Administrative Activities50
Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information49
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment49
Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
Developing and Building Teams46
Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People46
Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
Communicating with People Outside the Organization45
Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment45
Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.
Providing Consultation and Advice to Others45
Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
Scheduling Work and Activities45
Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates43
Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
Coaching and Developing Others39
Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others34
Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
Handling and Moving Objects34
Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
Monitoring and Controlling Resources31
Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
Performing General Physical Activities26
Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others25
Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
Assisting and Caring for Others18
Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment18
Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.
Controlling Machines and Processes17
Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment17
Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
Staffing Organizational Units17
Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
Selling or Influencing Others14
Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public13
Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.

Work Styles

Personal characteristics that can affect how well someone performs a job.

Attention to Detail89
A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
Dependability88
A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.
Cautiousness78
A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related decisions or doing work.
Integrity77
A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
Intellectual Curiosity73
A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.
Adaptability65
A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas at work.
Perseverance59
A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.
Achievement Orientation58
A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.
Initiative54
A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.
Stress Tolerance53
A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
Self-Control48
A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.
Tolerance for Ambiguity44
A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.

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Innovation43
A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on ways to accomplish work.
Self-Confidence42
A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.
Cooperation39
A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
Sincerity19
A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.
Leadership Orientation18
A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
Optimism11
A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even under difficult circumstances.
Social Orientation11
A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
Humility7
A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
Empathy4
A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feelings at work.

Interests (RIASEC)

Holland's six occupational interest types (RIASEC) this work tends to attract.

Conventional86
Work involves following procedures and regulations to organize information or data, typically in a business setting. Conventional occupations are often associated with office work, accounting, mathematics/statistics, information technology, finance, or human resources.
Realistic53
Work involves designing, building, or repairing of equipment, materials, or structures, engaging in physical activity, or working outdoors. Realistic occupations are often associated with engineering, mechanics and electronics, construction, woodworking, transportation, machine operation, agriculture, animal services, physical or manual labor, athletics, or protective services.
Investigative51
Work involves studying and researching non-living objects, living organisms, disease or other forms of impairment, or human behavior. Investigative occupations are often associated with physical, life, medical, or social sciences, and can be found in the fields of humanities, mathematics/statistics, information technology, or health care service.
Enterprising41
Work involves managing, negotiating, marketing, or selling, typically in a business setting, or leading or advising people in political and legal situations. Enterprising occupations are often associated with business initiatives, sales, marketing/advertising, finance, management/administration, professional advising, public speaking, politics, or law.
Social20
Work involves helping, teaching, advising, assisting, or providing service to others. Social occupations are often associated with social, health care, personal service, teaching/education, or religious activities.
Artistic0
Work involves creating original visual artwork, performances, written works, food, or music for a variety of media, or applying artistic principles to the design of various objects and materials. Artistic occupations are often associated with visual arts, applied arts and design, performing arts, music, creative writing, media, or culinary art.

Work Context

Physical and social factors that influence the nature of work.

E-Mail
- Every day100%
Telephone Conversations
- Every day77%
- Once a week or more but not every day20%
Indoors, Environmentally Controlled
- Every day80%
Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams
- Every day50%
- Once a week or more but not every day33%
- Once a month or more but not every week13%
Spend Time Sitting
- Continually or almost continually50%
- More than half the time33%
Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team
- Extremely important52%
- Very important28%
- Important14%
Contact With Others
- Constant contact with others50%
- Contact with others most of the time23%
- Contact with others about half the time20%
Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals
- A lot of freedom30%
- Some freedom50%
- Limited freedom13%
Freedom to Make Decisions
- A lot of freedom30%
- Some freedom37%
- Limited freedom30%
Importance of Being Exact or Accurate
- Extremely important30%
- Very important37%
- Important27%
Duration of Typical Work Week
- More than 40 hours40%
- 40 hours57%
Consequence of Error
- Extremely serious23%
- Very serious43%
- Serious17%
- Fairly serious17%

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Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results
- Very important results27%
- Important results30%
- Moderate results33%
Time Pressure
- Every day17%
- Once a week or more but not every day33%
- Once a month or more but not every week37%
Frequency of Decision Making
- Every day33%
- Once a week or more but not every day20%
- Once a year or more but not every month33%
Level of Competition
- Extremely competitive13%
- Highly competitive33%
- Moderately competitive33%
- Slightly competitive17%
Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities
- Extremely important20%
- Very important27%
- Important27%
- Fairly important13%
- Not important at all13%
Importance of Repeating Same Tasks
- Extremely important13%
- Very important27%
- Important23%
- Fairly important23%
- Not important at all13%
Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers
- High responsibility30%
- Moderate responsibility30%
- Limited responsibility27%
Degree of Automation
- Highly automated27%
- Moderately automated50%
- Slightly automated20%
Physical Proximity
- Slightly close (e.g., shared office)60%
- I work with others but not closely (e.g., private office)20%
Written Letters and Memos
- Every day17%
- Once a week or more but not every day13%
- Once a month or more but not every week30%
- Once a year or more but not every month17%
- Never23%
Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls
- Continually or almost continually20%
- Less than half the time47%
- Never13%
Deal With External Customers or the Public in General
- Extremely important13%
- Very important17%
- Fairly important40%
- Not important at all20%
Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People
- Once a week or more but not every day13%
- Once a month or more but not every week37%
- Once a year or more but not every month33%
- Never17%
Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable
- Once a week or more but not every day13%
- Once a month or more but not every week23%
- Once a year or more but not every month17%
- Never37%
Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions
- About half the time20%
- Less than half the time33%
- Never27%
Spend Time Standing
- About half the time14%
- Less than half the time59%
Health and Safety of Other Workers
- High responsibility13%
- Limited responsibility37%
- No responsibility30%
Public Speaking
- Once a month or more but not every week17%
- Once a year or more but not every month43%
- Never23%
Conflict Situations
- Once a month or more but not every week33%
- Once a year or more but not every month40%
- Never20%
Spend Time Walking or Running
- About half the time20%
- Less than half the time50%
- Never23%
Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling
- Less than half the time63%
- Never23%
Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled
- Once a year or more but not every month23%
- Never53%
Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body
- Less than half the time50%
- Never37%
Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets
- Once a year or more but not every month17%
- Never60%
Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions
- Once a month or more but not every week20%
- Once a year or more but not every month27%
- Never50%
In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment
- Every day13%
- Never73%
Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment
- Important17%
- Not important at all67%
Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles
- Less than half the time37%
- Never53%
Exposed to High Places
- Once a month or more but not every week13%
- Never70%
Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions
- Once a year or more but not every month20%
- Never67%
Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions
- Once a month or more but not every week13%
- Once a year or more but not every month17%
- Never67%
Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures
- Once a year or more but not every month17%
- Never70%
Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings
- Once a year or more but not every month24%
- Never66%
Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance
- Less than half the time20%
- Never73%
Outdoors, Under Cover
- Once a year or more but not every month14%
- Never76%
Exposed to Hazardous Conditions
- Never83%
Exposed to Contaminants
- Never86%
Work Schedules
- Irregular (changes with weather conditions, production demands, or contract duration)13%
- Regular (established routine, set schedule)87%
In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment
- Never93%
Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection
- Never90%
Exposed to Hazardous Equipment
- Never93%
Exposed to Whole Body Vibration
- Never93%
Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People
- Never93%
Exposed to Disease or Infections
- Never97%
Exposed to Radiation
- Never100%

Typical Education Levels Reported

Education levels O*NET survey respondents in this occupation most often reported having.

Associate’s degree or other 2-year degree
Bachelor’s degree
Post-secondary certificate

Technology Skills

Specific software and technology tools commonly used on the job.

Web platform development software
Apache Tomcat, Django, Microsoft ASP.NET, Node.js
Data base user interface and query software
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud EC2, Blackboard software, ServiceNow, Transact-SQL
Network monitoring software
Nagios, Quest Foglight, Remote monitoring software, Wireshark
Development environment software
Apache Kafka, Apache Maven, Go, Microsoft PowerShell
Operating system software
Bash, Microsoft Windows Server, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, UNIX Shell
Data base management system software
Amazon DynamoDB, Apache Hive, Elasticsearch, Oracle PL/SQL
Enterprise resource planning ERP software
Microsoft Dynamics, Microsoft Dynamics GP, NetSuite ERP, SAP software
Object or component oriented development software
C#, jQuery, Perl, Swift
Administration software
Cisco Systems CiscoWorks, Hewlett-Packard HP Network Node Manager, Network management software, Network shutdown software
Configuration management software
Chef, Patch and update management software, Perforce Helix software, Puppet
Enterprise application integration software
Extensible markup language XML, IBM InfoSphere DataStage, Microsoft SQL Server Integration Services SSIS, Systems integration software
Transaction security and virus protection software
Honeypot, McAfee, NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software, Root kit detection software
Application server software
Docker, GitHub, Oracle WebLogic Server, Red Hat OpenShift
Business intelligence and data analysis software
Apache Spark, IBM Cognos Impromptu, Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition, Tableau
Access software
Access management software, Citrix cloud computing software, Mac HelpMate, Remote desktop control software
Network security or virtual private network VPN management software
Intrusion prevention system IPS, Network and system vulnerability assessment software, OpenService Open NerveCenter, Security incident management software
Internet directory services software
Active directory software, Domain name system DNS, Microsoft Active Directory, Network addressable storage NAS software
Project management software
Atlassian Confluence, Microsoft Project, Microsoft Teams, Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
Electronic mail software
IBM Notes, Microsoft Exchange, Microsoft Outlook
Desktop communications software
ParentSquare, Secure shell SSH software, Skype
Network operating system enhancement software
Management information base MIB software, Network, server and operating system optimization software, Operating system process control software
Network security and virtual private network VPN equipment software
Firewall software, Network intrusion detection software, Virtual private networking VPN software
Analytical or scientific software
Root cause analysis software, SAS, StataCorp Stata
Cloud-based management software
Amazon Web Services AWS CloudFormation, IBM WebSphere, Splunk Enterprise
Geographic information system
ESRI ArcGIS software, Geographic information system GIS software
Object oriented data base management software
Hibernate ORM, PostgreSQL
Document management software
Adobe Acrobat, Microsoft SharePoint
File versioning software
Apache Subversion SVN, Git
Financial analysis software
Delphi Technology, Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
Computer aided design CAD software
Computer aided design and drafting CADD software, Dassault Systemes CATIA
Data base reporting software
Microsoft SQL Server Reporting Services SSRS, SAP Crystal Reports
Human resources software
Human resource management software HRMS, Oracle Taleo
Internet protocol IP multimedia subsystem software
Open source routing protocols OSPF, Voice over internet protocol VoIP system software
Backup or archival software
System and data disaster recovery software, Veritas NetBackup
Program testing software
Computer system diagnostics software, Hewlett Packard LoadRunner
Web page creation and editing software
Adobe Dreamweaver, Google Sites
Storage networking software
Amazon Simple Storage Service S3, Storage area network SAN software
Spreadsheet software
Microsoft Excel
Metadata management software
Quest Erwin Data Modeler
Medical software
Epic Systems
Pattern design software
Diagramming software
Content workflow software
Atlassian JIRA
Authentication server software
Password management software
Helpdesk or call center software
Help desk software
Enterprise system management software
IBM Power Systems software
Expert system software
Ansible software
Clustering software
VMware
Computer based training software
Moodle
Video conferencing software
Cisco Webex
Communications server software
IBM Domino
Desktop publishing software
Microsoft Publisher
Portal server software
Apache HTTP Server
Gateway software
Microsoft Windows Terminal Services Access Manager
Customer relationship management CRM software
Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
Transaction server software
Customer information control system CICS
Office suite software
Microsoft Office software
Graphical user interface development software
TKSoftware RCM software
Sales and marketing software
Marketo Marketing Automation
Platform interconnectivity software
Virtual network computing VNC software
Presentation software
Microsoft PowerPoint
Cloud-based protection or security software
SolarWinds
Computer imaging software
Symantec Ghost Solution Suite
Requirements analysis and system architecture software
Requirements management software
Industrial control software
Supervisory control and data acquisition SCADA software
Switch or router software
Border Gateway Protocol BGP
Process mapping and design software
Microsoft Visio
Compiler and decompiler software
Command interpreters

Professional Associations

Organizations related to this occupation, such as industry and licensing bodies.

Related Occupations

Detailed Work Activities

More specific, granular versions of the Work Activities above.

Implement security measures for computer or information systems.
Develop computer or information security policies or procedures.
Create electronic data backup to prevent loss of information.
Resolve computer network problems.
Resolve computer software problems.
Troubleshoot issues with computer applications or systems.
Maintain computer networks to enhance performance and user access.
Provide technical support for computer network issues.
Collaborate with others to resolve information technology issues.
Monitor the performance of computer networks.
Document network-related activities or tasks.
Design integrated computer systems.

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Test computer hardware performance.
Test software performance.
Maintain the inventory of equipment.
Document operational activities.
Analyze project data to determine specifications or requirements.
Identify information technology project resource requirements.
Recommend changes to improve computer or information systems.
Coordinate resource procurement activities.
Analyze data to identify or resolve operational problems.
Collect data about customer needs.
Train others in computer interface or software use.
Conduct research to gain information about products or processes.
Update knowledge about emerging industry or technology trends.
Install computer hardware.

Apprenticeship Occupations

Registered apprenticeship program titles associated with this occupation.

Information Assurance Specialist
Information Technology Specialist
It Systems Administrator
Network and Computer Systems Administrator (Alternate Title: It Specialist)
Network Support Technician
Systems Administrator
Systems Administrator (Nof)

This page incorporates information from O*NET Web Services by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA).

Based on federal labor and demographic data. Data source & methodology