Miscellaneous managers, including funeral service managers and postmasters and mail superintendents

Job Zone

Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed

Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.

Job Zones group occupations into one of five categories based on the education, experience, and training typically needed to perform them.

Tasks

Specific duties and responsibilities regularly performed in this occupation.

Communicate with key stakeholders to determine project requirements and objectives.89
Identify project needs such as resources, staff, or finances by reviewing project objectives and schedules.88
Submit project deliverables to clients, ensuring adherence to quality standards.84
Confer with project personnel to identify and resolve problems.83
Plan, schedule, or coordinate project activities to meet deadlines.83
Request and review project updates to ensure deadlines are met.82
Monitor project milestones and deliverables.78
Assign duties or responsibilities to project personnel.77
Create project status presentations for delivery to customers or project personnel.72
Produce and distribute project documents.72
Negotiate with project stakeholders or suppliers to obtain resources or materials.72
Monitor costs incurred by project staff to identify budget issues.71

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Recruit or hire project personnel.71
Monitor the performance of project team members to provide performance feedback.70
Develop or update project plans including information such as objectives, technologies, schedules, funding, and staffing.70
Report project status, such as budget, resources, technical issues, or customer satisfaction, to managers.69
Propose, review, or approve modifications to project plans.66
Identify, review, or select vendors or consultants to meet project needs.66
Schedule or facilitate project meetings.66
Prepare and submit budget estimates, progress reports, or cost tracking reports.64

Skills

Developed capacities that facilitate learning or the more rapid acquisition of knowledge.

Active Listening69
Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
Critical Thinking69
Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
Judgment and Decision Making66
Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Monitoring66
Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
Writing66
Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
Active Learning63
Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
Coordination63
Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
Reading Comprehension63
Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
Speaking63
Talking to others to convey information effectively.
Time Management63
Managing one's own time and the time of others.
Complex Problem Solving60
Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
Management of Personnel Resources60
Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.

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Social Perceptiveness60
Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
Negotiation56
Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
Persuasion56
Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
Systems Analysis56
Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
Instructing53
Teaching others how to do something.
Service Orientation53
Actively looking for ways to help people.
Systems Evaluation53
Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
Learning Strategies50
Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
Management of Financial Resources50
Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.
Management of Material Resources50
Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
Mathematics44
Using mathematics to solve problems.
Operations Analysis28
Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
Quality Control Analysis28
Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
Programming22
Writing computer programs for various purposes.
Technology Design22
Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
Troubleshooting16
Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
Operations Monitoring13
Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
Science10
Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
Equipment Maintenance3
Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
Equipment Selection3
Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Operation and Control3
Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
Installation0
Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
Repairing0
Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

Knowledge

Organized sets of principles and facts that apply in general domains.

English Language76
Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.
Administration and Management69
Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
Administrative66
Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.
Customer and Personal Service62
Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
Computers and Electronics52
Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
Communications and Media47
Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
Personnel and Human Resources47
Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
Mathematics41
Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
Economics and Accounting40
Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.
Education and Training38
Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
Engineering and Technology38
Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
Law and Government37
Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.

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Psychology36
Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
Telecommunications36
Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.
Design35
Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.
Public Safety and Security30
Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
Production and Processing29
Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
Sales and Marketing26
Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
Sociology and Anthropology25
Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.
Geography17
Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
Mechanical17
Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
Building and Construction14
Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
Medicine and Dentistry13
Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.
Transportation13
Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
Biology11
Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
Therapy and Counseling10
Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.
Foreign Language8
Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
Physics7
Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.
Philosophy and Theology6
Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.
Chemistry5
Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
History and Archeology4
Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.
Food Production3
Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.
Fine Arts2
Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.

Abilities

Enduring attributes of the individual that influence performance.

Oral Comprehension78
The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
Written Expression78
The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
Written Comprehension75
The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
Oral Expression72
The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
Speech Recognition69
The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
Deductive Reasoning66
The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
Near Vision66
The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
Problem Sensitivity66
The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.
Speech Clarity66
The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
Inductive Reasoning63
The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
Information Ordering60
The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
Fluency of Ideas56
The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).

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Category Flexibility53
The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
Far Vision53
The ability to see details at a distance.
Originality53
The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
Selective Attention53
The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
Flexibility of Closure47
The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
Mathematical Reasoning44
The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.
Number Facility44
The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
Speed of Closure44
The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
Perceptual Speed41
The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
Time Sharing41
The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
Memorization38
The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
Visual Color Discrimination38
The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
Visualization38
The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
Auditory Attention25
The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
Trunk Strength25
The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.
Depth Perception22
The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
Finger Dexterity19
The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
Hearing Sensitivity19
The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
Wrist-Finger Speed19
The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
Arm-Hand Steadiness16
The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
Control Precision16
The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
Manual Dexterity16
The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
Dynamic Strength13
The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
Spatial Orientation10
The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
Dynamic Flexibility0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Explosive Strength0
The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
Extent Flexibility0
The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Glare Sensitivity0
The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
Gross Body Coordination0
The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
Gross Body Equilibrium0
The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
Multilimb Coordination0
The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
Night Vision0
The ability to see under low-light conditions.
Peripheral Vision0
The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
Rate Control0
The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
Reaction Time0
The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
Response Orientation0
The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
Sound Localization0
The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
Speed of Limb Movement0
The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
Stamina0
The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
Static Strength0
The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.

Work Activities

General types of job behaviors occurring on multiple jobs.

Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates93
Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
Getting Information90
Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
Working with Computers86
Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
Making Decisions and Solving Problems84
Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work84
Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
Scheduling Work and Activities79
Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
Documenting/Recording Information78
Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others77
Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships75
Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Analyzing Data or Information74
Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards73
Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge72
Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.

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Developing and Building Teams71
Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others71
Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
Processing Information71
Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events70
Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
Communicating with People Outside the Organization68
Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
Developing Objectives and Strategies68
Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings67
Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information64
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
Monitoring and Controlling Resources64
Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates61
Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People61
Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
Performing Administrative Activities61
Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others61
Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
Thinking Creatively59
Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
Training and Teaching Others56
Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
Providing Consultation and Advice to Others53
Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
Coaching and Developing Others52
Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials40
Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
Selling or Influencing Others40
Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
Staffing Organizational Units39
Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
Assisting and Caring for Others29
Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment23
Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.
Controlling Machines and Processes20
Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
Performing General Physical Activities19
Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
Handling and Moving Objects18
Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public15
Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment15
Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment11
Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment9
Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.

Work Styles

Personal characteristics that can affect how well someone performs a job.

Dependability91
A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.
Leadership Orientation85
A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
Attention to Detail84
A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
Cooperation77
A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
Perseverance77
A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.
Achievement Orientation74
A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.
Stress Tolerance74
A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
Integrity72
A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
Adaptability70
A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas at work.
Self-Confidence70
A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.
Social Orientation70
A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
Self-Control69
A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.

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Initiative67
A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.
Cautiousness61
A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related decisions or doing work.
Tolerance for Ambiguity59
A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
Innovation49
A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on ways to accomplish work.
Intellectual Curiosity48
A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.
Empathy41
A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feelings at work.
Optimism41
A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even under difficult circumstances.
Sincerity36
A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.
Humility18
A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.

Interests (RIASEC)

Holland's six occupational interest types (RIASEC) this work tends to attract.

Enterprising88
Work involves managing, negotiating, marketing, or selling, typically in a business setting, or leading or advising people in political and legal situations. Enterprising occupations are often associated with business initiatives, sales, marketing/advertising, finance, management/administration, professional advising, public speaking, politics, or law.
Conventional76
Work involves following procedures and regulations to organize information or data, typically in a business setting. Conventional occupations are often associated with office work, accounting, mathematics/statistics, information technology, finance, or human resources.
Social39
Work involves helping, teaching, advising, assisting, or providing service to others. Social occupations are often associated with social, health care, personal service, teaching/education, or religious activities.
Investigative29
Work involves studying and researching non-living objects, living organisms, disease or other forms of impairment, or human behavior. Investigative occupations are often associated with physical, life, medical, or social sciences, and can be found in the fields of humanities, mathematics/statistics, information technology, or health care service.
Artistic10
Work involves creating original visual artwork, performances, written works, food, or music for a variety of media, or applying artistic principles to the design of various objects and materials. Artistic occupations are often associated with visual arts, applied arts and design, performing arts, music, creative writing, media, or culinary art.
Realistic8
Work involves designing, building, or repairing of equipment, materials, or structures, engaging in physical activity, or working outdoors. Realistic occupations are often associated with engineering, mechanics and electronics, construction, woodworking, transportation, machine operation, agriculture, animal services, physical or manual labor, athletics, or protective services.

Work Context

Physical and social factors that influence the nature of work.

E-Mail
- Every day82%
- Once a week or more but not every day15%
Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team
- Extremely important67%
- Very important24%
Spend Time Sitting
- Continually or almost continually64%
- More than half the time24%
- About half the time12%
Indoors, Environmentally Controlled
- Every day76%
- Once a year or more but not every month12%
Telephone Conversations
- Every day48%
- Once a week or more but not every day42%
Contact With Others
- Constant contact with others52%
- Contact with others most of the time33%
Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams
- Every day52%
- Once a week or more but not every day27%
- Once a month or more but not every week15%
Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals
- A lot of freedom39%
- Some freedom45%
- Limited freedom12%
Freedom to Make Decisions
- A lot of freedom27%
- Some freedom64%
Importance of Being Exact or Accurate
- Extremely important42%
- Very important33%
- Important18%
Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers
- Very high responsibility45%
- High responsibility27%
- Moderate responsibility18%
Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities
- Extremely important42%
- Very important27%
- Important21%

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Time Pressure
- Every day27%
- Once a week or more but not every day42%
- Once a month or more but not every week21%
Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results
- Very important results27%
- Important results30%
- Moderate results33%
Duration of Typical Work Week
- More than 40 hours33%
- 40 hours64%
Frequency of Decision Making
- Every day33%
- Once a week or more but not every day15%
- Once a month or more but not every week27%
- Once a year or more but not every month21%
Importance of Repeating Same Tasks
- Extremely important24%
- Very important27%
- Important18%
- Fairly important18%
- Not important at all12%
Level of Competition
- Highly competitive33%
- Moderately competitive42%
- Slightly competitive12%
Deal With External Customers or the Public in General
- Extremely important19%
- Very important25%
- Important22%
- Fairly important31%
Conflict Situations
- Once a week or more but not every day34%
- Once a month or more but not every week34%
- Once a year or more but not every month25%
Written Letters and Memos
- Every day21%
- Once a week or more but not every day15%
- Once a month or more but not every week24%
- Once a year or more but not every month21%
- Never18%
Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls
- Continually or almost continually21%
- More than half the time21%
- Less than half the time21%
- Never30%
Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People
- Once a week or more but not every day12%
- Once a month or more but not every week48%
- Once a year or more but not every month30%
Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions
- Continually or almost continually21%
- More than half the time15%
- Less than half the time33%
- Never24%
Health and Safety of Other Workers
- Very high responsibility12%
- Moderate responsibility30%
- Limited responsibility39%
- No responsibility12%
Public Speaking
- Once a week or more but not every day21%
- Once a month or more but not every week18%
- Once a year or more but not every month39%
- Never15%
Consequence of Error
- Very serious15%
- Serious27%
- Fairly serious24%
- Not serious at all24%
Physical Proximity
- Slightly close (e.g., shared office)69%
- I work with others but not closely (e.g., private office)19%
- I don't work near other people (beyond 100 ft.)13%
Spend Time Standing
- About half the time18%
- Less than half the time64%
Degree of Automation
- Moderately automated24%
- Slightly automated61%
- Not at all automated12%
Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable
- Once a month or more but not every week18%
- Once a year or more but not every month30%
- Never45%
Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled
- Once a month or more but not every week12%
- Once a year or more but not every month27%
- Never52%
In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment
- Once a year or more but not every month36%
- Never52%
Spend Time Walking or Running
- Less than half the time39%
- Never48%
Work Schedules
- Irregular (changes with weather conditions, production demands, or contract duration)33%
- Regular (established routine, set schedule)67%
Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body
- Less than half the time27%
- Never61%
Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions
- Once a year or more but not every month30%
- Never61%
Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions
- Once a month or more but not every week12%
- Once a year or more but not every month12%
- Never70%
Outdoors, Under Cover
- Once a year or more but not every month27%
- Never64%
Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets
- Once a year or more but not every month21%
- Never70%
Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling
- Less than half the time24%
- Never73%
Exposed to High Places
- Never85%
Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings
- Once a year or more but not every month12%
- Never82%
In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment
- Once a year or more but not every month12%
- Never82%
Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles
- Less than half the time15%
- Never79%
Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection
- Never82%
Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions
- Once a year or more but not every month19%
- Never78%
Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment
- Not important at all85%
Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance
- Less than half the time21%
- Never76%
Exposed to Disease or Infections
- Never94%
Exposed to Hazardous Conditions
- Never88%
Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People
- Once a year or more but not every month18%
- Never82%
Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures
- Once a year or more but not every month15%
- Never82%
Exposed to Contaminants
- Never88%
Exposed to Radiation
- Never94%
Exposed to Hazardous Equipment
- Never100%
Exposed to Whole Body Vibration
- Never100%

Typical Education Levels Reported

Education levels O*NET survey respondents in this occupation most often reported having.

Bachelor’s degree
Associate’s degree or other 2-year degree
High school diploma or equivalent

Technology Skills

Specific software and technology tools commonly used on the job.

Enterprise resource planning ERP software
Management information systems MIS, Microsoft Dynamics, Oracle PeopleSoft, SAP software
Project management software
Atlassian Confluence, Google Classroom, Microsoft Teams, Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
Video creation and editing software
Flipgrid, Loom, Screencastify, YouTube
Word processing software
3M Post-it App, Google Docs, Microsoft OneNote, Microsoft Word
Video conferencing software
Cisco Webex, Google Meet, LogMeIn GoToMeeting, Zoom
Cloud-based data access and sharing software
Asana, Dropbox, Google Drive, Slack
Business intelligence and data analysis software
IBM Cognos Impromptu, Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition, Qlik Tech QlikView, Tableau
Presentation software
Apple Keynote, Google Slides, Microsoft PowerPoint, Poll Everywhere
Electronic mail software
IBM Notes, Microsoft Exchange, Microsoft Outlook
Graphics or photo imaging software
Adobe Photoshop, JamBoard, Trimble SketchUp Pro
Development environment software
Microsoft Azure software, Microsoft Visual Basic, Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
Computer based training software
Blackboard software, Moodle, Padlet
Operating system software
Apple macOS, Linux, Microsoft Windows
Analytical or scientific software
IBM SPSS Statistics, Procore software, SAS
Data base user interface and query software
Airtable, Microsoft Access, Oracle Database
Web page creation and editing software
Google Sites, LinkedIn, Social media sites
Document management software
Adobe Acrobat, Microsoft SharePoint
Desktop communications software
Eko, Skype
Network conferencing software
LogMeIn GoToWebinar, Slido interaction software
Office suite software
Google Workspace software, Microsoft Office software
Instant messaging software
Blink, GroupMe
Computer aided design CAD software
Autodesk AutoCAD Civil 3D, Bentley MicroStation
Spreadsheet software
Microsoft Excel
Content workflow software
Atlassian JIRA
Accounting software
Intuit QuickBooks
Application server software
GitHub
Desktop publishing software
Adobe InDesign
File versioning software
Git
Customer relationship management CRM software
Salesforce software
Enterprise application integration software
Atlassian Bamboo
Sales and marketing software
Marketo Marketing Automation
Data base reporting software
SAP Crystal Reports
Human resources software
ADP Workforce Now
Multi-media educational software
Nearpod
Process mapping and design software
Microsoft Visio

Professional Associations

Related Occupations

Detailed Work Activities

More specific, granular versions of the Work Activities above.

Discuss business strategies, practices, or policies with managers.
Select resources needed to accomplish tasks.
Present work to clients for approval.
Collaborate with others to resolve information technology issues.
Develop operating strategies, plans, or procedures.
Manage construction activities.
Gather organizational performance information.
Manage information technology projects or system activities.
Manage operations, research, or logistics projects.
Assign duties or work schedules to employees.
Coordinate resource procurement activities.
Prepare operational reports or records.

Show all 19 →

Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations.
Participate in staffing decisions.
Monitor flow of cash or other resources.
Develop detailed project plans.
Supervise information technology personnel.
Report information to managers or other personnel.
Prepare financial documents, reports, or budgets.

Apprenticeship Occupations

Registered apprenticeship program titles associated with this occupation.

Project Manager

This page incorporates information from O*NET Web Services by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA).

Based on federal labor and demographic data. Data source & methodology