Medical and Health Services Managers

Job Zone

Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed

Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.

Job Zones group occupations into one of five categories based on the education, experience, and training typically needed to perform them.

Tasks

Specific duties and responsibilities regularly performed in this occupation.

Direct, supervise and evaluate work activities of medical, nursing, technical, clerical, service, maintenance, and other personnel.86
Develop and maintain computerized record management systems to store and process data, such as personnel activities and information, and to produce reports.83
Plan, implement, and administer programs and services in a health care or medical facility, including personnel administration, training, and coordination of medical, nursing and physical plant staff.80
Conduct and administer fiscal operations, including accounting, planning budgets, authorizing expenditures, establishing rates for services, and coordinating financial reporting.79
Maintain awareness of advances in medicine, computerized diagnostic and treatment equipment, data processing technology, government regulations, health insurance changes, and financing options.79
Establish work schedules and assignments for staff, according to workload, space, and equipment availability.78
Monitor the use of diagnostic services, inpatient beds, facilities, and staff to ensure effective use of resources and assess the need for additional staff, equipment, and services.78
Direct or conduct recruitment, hiring, and training of personnel.77
Manage change in integrated health care delivery systems, such as work restructuring, technological innovations, and shifts in the focus of care.77
Maintain communication between governing boards, medical staff, and department heads by attending board meetings and coordinating interdepartmental functioning.76
Establish objectives and evaluative or operational criteria for units managed.74
Develop and implement organizational policies and procedures for the facility or medical unit.73

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Review and analyze facility activities and data to aid planning and cash and risk management and to improve service utilization.71
Prepare activity reports to inform management of the status and implementation plans of programs, services, and quality initiatives.70
Inspect facilities and recommend building or equipment modifications to ensure emergency readiness and compliance to access, safety, and sanitation regulations.69
Develop or expand and implement medical programs or health services that promote research, rehabilitation, and community health.68
Consult with medical, business, and community groups to discuss service problems, respond to community needs, enhance public relations, coordinate activities and plans, and promote health programs.63
Develop instructional materials and conduct in-service and community-based educational programs.60

Skills

Developed capacities that facilitate learning or the more rapid acquisition of knowledge.

Critical Thinking78
Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
Speaking78
Talking to others to convey information effectively.
Active Listening75
Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
Complex Problem Solving75
Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
Judgment and Decision Making75
Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Management of Personnel Resources75
Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
Monitoring75
Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
Reading Comprehension75
Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
Social Perceptiveness75
Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
Time Management75
Managing one's own time and the time of others.
Writing75
Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
Active Learning72
Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.

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Coordination72
Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
Instructing72
Teaching others how to do something.
Negotiation72
Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
Persuasion72
Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
Service Orientation69
Actively looking for ways to help people.
Systems Evaluation69
Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
Operations Analysis66
Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
Systems Analysis66
Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
Learning Strategies56
Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
Management of Financial Resources56
Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.
Management of Material Resources56
Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
Mathematics44
Using mathematics to solve problems.
Science38
Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
Quality Control Analysis28
Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
Operations Monitoring25
Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
Programming25
Writing computer programs for various purposes.
Technology Design25
Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
Troubleshooting16
Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
Equipment Maintenance0
Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
Equipment Selection0
Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Installation0
Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
Operation and Control0
Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
Repairing0
Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

Knowledge

Organized sets of principles and facts that apply in general domains.

Administration and Management92
Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
English Language84
Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.
Customer and Personal Service81
Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
Personnel and Human Resources78
Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
Education and Training73
Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
Computers and Electronics70
Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
Administrative67
Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.
Mathematics60
Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
Medicine and Dentistry60
Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.
Economics and Accounting58
Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.
Law and Government58
Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
Psychology55
Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.

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Public Safety and Security55
Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
Production and Processing40
Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
Communications and Media39
Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
Biology38
Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
Sales and Marketing37
Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
Sociology and Anthropology36
Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.
Therapy and Counseling35
Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.
Engineering and Technology34
Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
Telecommunications34
Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.
Design25
Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.
Philosophy and Theology22
Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.
Chemistry19
Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
Transportation17
Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
Geography16
Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
Building and Construction15
Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
Mechanical14
Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
Foreign Language13
Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
Physics12
Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.
History and Archeology10
Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.
Fine Arts7
Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.
Food Production7
Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.

Abilities

Enduring attributes of the individual that influence performance.

Oral Comprehension81
The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
Written Comprehension78
The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
Deductive Reasoning75
The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
Inductive Reasoning75
The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
Oral Expression75
The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
Problem Sensitivity75
The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.
Speech Clarity75
The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
Written Expression75
The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
Speech Recognition72
The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
Near Vision69
The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
Information Ordering66
The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
Category Flexibility63
The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.

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Fluency of Ideas56
The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).
Originality53
The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
Far Vision47
The ability to see details at a distance.
Flexibility of Closure47
The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
Mathematical Reasoning47
The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.
Number Facility47
The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
Selective Attention47
The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
Memorization44
The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
Perceptual Speed44
The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
Time Sharing38
The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
Speed of Closure35
The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
Auditory Attention31
The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
Visualization28
The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
Depth Perception25
The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
Hearing Sensitivity25
The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
Trunk Strength25
The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.
Visual Color Discrimination25
The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
Dynamic Strength19
The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
Wrist-Finger Speed19
The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
Arm-Hand Steadiness13
The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
Finger Dexterity13
The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
Manual Dexterity13
The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
Control Precision6
The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
Dynamic Flexibility0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Explosive Strength0
The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
Extent Flexibility0
The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Glare Sensitivity0
The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
Gross Body Coordination0
The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
Gross Body Equilibrium0
The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
Multilimb Coordination0
The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
Night Vision0
The ability to see under low-light conditions.
Peripheral Vision0
The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
Rate Control0
The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
Reaction Time0
The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
Response Orientation0
The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
Sound Localization0
The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
Spatial Orientation0
The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
Speed of Limb Movement0
The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
Stamina0
The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
Static Strength0
The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.

Work Activities

General types of job behaviors occurring on multiple jobs.

Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates91
Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards89
Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
Working with Computers89
Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
Coaching and Developing Others88
Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
Getting Information87
Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships86
Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Making Decisions and Solving Problems86
Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
Analyzing Data or Information84
Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others83
Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge83
Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates82
Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work82
Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.

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Processing Information82
Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
Developing and Building Teams81
Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
Scheduling Work and Activities80
Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
Training and Teaching Others80
Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
Monitoring and Controlling Resources79
Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others79
Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
Staffing Organizational Units79
Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings78
Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
Documenting/Recording Information77
Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
Performing Administrative Activities76
Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
Developing Objectives and Strategies74
Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
Providing Consultation and Advice to Others74
Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events72
Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others72
Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
Communicating with People Outside the Organization71
Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
Thinking Creatively70
Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People69
Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
Assisting and Caring for Others64
Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information56
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public56
Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
Selling or Influencing Others52
Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials39
Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
Controlling Machines and Processes34
Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
Performing General Physical Activities31
Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
Handling and Moving Objects24
Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment22
Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.
Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment18
Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment17
Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment16
Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.

Work Styles

Personal characteristics that can affect how well someone performs a job.

Dependability98
A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.
Leadership Orientation91
A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
Attention to Detail87
A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
Integrity85
A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
Cooperation81
A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
Adaptability77
A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas at work.
Cautiousness76
A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related decisions or doing work.
Stress Tolerance75
A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
Social Orientation74
A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
Self-Control73
A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.
Achievement Orientation71
A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.
Initiative71
A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.

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Intellectual Curiosity68
A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.
Self-Confidence67
A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.
Perseverance66
A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.
Empathy61
A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feelings at work.
Tolerance for Ambiguity55
A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
Innovation51
A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on ways to accomplish work.
Sincerity50
A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.
Optimism39
A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even under difficult circumstances.
Humility33
A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.

Interests (RIASEC)

Holland's six occupational interest types (RIASEC) this work tends to attract.

Enterprising83
Work involves managing, negotiating, marketing, or selling, typically in a business setting, or leading or advising people in political and legal situations. Enterprising occupations are often associated with business initiatives, sales, marketing/advertising, finance, management/administration, professional advising, public speaking, politics, or law.
Conventional70
Work involves following procedures and regulations to organize information or data, typically in a business setting. Conventional occupations are often associated with office work, accounting, mathematics/statistics, information technology, finance, or human resources.
Social57
Work involves helping, teaching, advising, assisting, or providing service to others. Social occupations are often associated with social, health care, personal service, teaching/education, or religious activities.
Investigative46
Work involves studying and researching non-living objects, living organisms, disease or other forms of impairment, or human behavior. Investigative occupations are often associated with physical, life, medical, or social sciences, and can be found in the fields of humanities, mathematics/statistics, information technology, or health care service.
Realistic18
Work involves designing, building, or repairing of equipment, materials, or structures, engaging in physical activity, or working outdoors. Realistic occupations are often associated with engineering, mechanics and electronics, construction, woodworking, transportation, machine operation, agriculture, animal services, physical or manual labor, athletics, or protective services.
Artistic8
Work involves creating original visual artwork, performances, written works, food, or music for a variety of media, or applying artistic principles to the design of various objects and materials. Artistic occupations are often associated with visual arts, applied arts and design, performing arts, music, creative writing, media, or culinary art.

Work Context

Physical and social factors that influence the nature of work.

E-Mail
- Every day100%
Indoors, Environmentally Controlled
- Every day96%
Telephone Conversations
- Every day93%
Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team
- Extremely important86%
- Very important14%
Contact With Others
- Constant contact with others82%
- Contact with others most of the time18%
Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams
- Every day75%
- Once a week or more but not every day18%
Importance of Being Exact or Accurate
- Extremely important50%
- Very important39%
Spend Time Sitting
- Continually or almost continually50%
- More than half the time29%
- About half the time18%
Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals
- A lot of freedom39%
- Some freedom39%
- Limited freedom14%
Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers
- Very high responsibility39%
- High responsibility43%
- Moderate responsibility11%
Deal With External Customers or the Public in General
- Extremely important43%
- Very important29%
- Important21%
Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities
- Extremely important32%
- Very important43%
- Important14%
- Fairly important11%

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Duration of Typical Work Week
- More than 40 hours50%
- 40 hours46%
Time Pressure
- Every day32%
- Once a week or more but not every day39%
- Once a month or more but not every week21%
Freedom to Make Decisions
- A lot of freedom30%
- Some freedom44%
- Limited freedom15%
Importance of Repeating Same Tasks
- Extremely important39%
- Very important21%
- Important21%
- Fairly important14%
Frequency of Decision Making
- Every day48%
- Once a week or more but not every day11%
- Once a month or more but not every week15%
- Once a year or more but not every month19%
Conflict Situations
- Every day29%
- Once a week or more but not every day25%
- Once a month or more but not every week36%
- Once a year or more but not every month11%
Written Letters and Memos
- Every day21%
- Once a week or more but not every day43%
- Once a month or more but not every week21%
- Once a year or more but not every month14%
Health and Safety of Other Workers
- Very high responsibility32%
- High responsibility14%
- Moderate responsibility32%
- Limited responsibility18%
Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results
- Very important results30%
- Important results22%
- Moderate results26%
- Minor results15%
Level of Competition
- Extremely competitive14%
- Highly competitive29%
- Moderately competitive43%
- Slightly competitive14%
Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People
- Every day18%
- Once a week or more but not every day29%
- Once a month or more but not every week29%
- Once a year or more but not every month25%
Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions
- Continually or almost continually26%
- More than half the time26%
- About half the time19%
- Less than half the time19%
- Never11%
Physical Proximity
- Moderately close (at arm's length)18%
- Slightly close (e.g., shared office)43%
- I work with others but not closely (e.g., private office)32%
Public Speaking
- Every day14%
- Once a month or more but not every week54%
- Once a year or more but not every month32%
Degree of Automation
- Highly automated18%
- Moderately automated46%
- Slightly automated25%
Exposed to Disease or Infections
- Every day14%
- Once a week or more but not every day11%
- Once a month or more but not every week25%
- Once a year or more but not every month14%
- Never36%
Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable
- Every day11%
- Once a week or more but not every day14%
- Once a month or more but not every week21%
- Once a year or more but not every month25%
- Never29%
Consequence of Error
- Extremely serious11%
- Serious22%
- Fairly serious41%
- Not serious at all22%
Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls
- Continually or almost continually14%
- More than half the time11%
- About half the time11%
- Less than half the time25%
- Never39%
Spend Time Standing
- About half the time21%
- Less than half the time71%
Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People
- Once a month or more but not every week14%
- Once a year or more but not every month43%
- Never32%
Spend Time Walking or Running
- Less than half the time71%
- Never18%
Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body
- About half the time11%
- Less than half the time52%
- Never33%
Exposed to Contaminants
- Once a year or more but not every month25%
- Never64%
In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment
- Once a year or more but not every month26%
- Never63%
Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling
- Less than half the time33%
- Never63%
Exposed to Hazardous Conditions
- Once a year or more but not every month11%
- Never79%
Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance
- Less than half the time21%
- Never75%
Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets
- Once a year or more but not every month22%
- Never70%
Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings
- Once a year or more but not every month15%
- Never78%
Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions
- Once a year or more but not every month15%
- Never81%
Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled
- Once a year or more but not every month14%
- Never82%
Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment
- Not important at all86%
Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection
- Once a year or more but not every month15%
- Never81%
Work Schedules
- Regular (established routine, set schedule)89%
Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions
- Once a year or more but not every month15%
- Never81%
Exposed to Hazardous Equipment
- Never93%
Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures
- Never93%
Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles
- Never93%
Exposed to Radiation
- Never96%
In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment
- Never96%
Outdoors, Under Cover
- Never96%
Exposed to High Places
- Never100%
Exposed to Whole Body Vibration
- Never100%
Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions
- Never100%

Typical Education Levels Reported

Education levels O*NET survey respondents in this occupation most often reported having.

Bachelor’s degree
Master’s degree
Associate’s degree or other 2-year degree

Technology Skills

Specific software and technology tools commonly used on the job.

Medical software
eClinicalWorks EHR software, Epic Systems, Henry Schein Dentrix, MEDITECH software
Data base user interface and query software
Blackboard software, Microsoft SQL Server, Structured query language SQL, Yardi software
Analytical or scientific software
Expert Health Data Programming Vitalnet, IBM SPSS Statistics, Relative Values for Physicians, SAS
Enterprise resource planning ERP software
Microsoft Dynamics, Oracle Hyperion, Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne, SAP Business Objects
Categorization or classification software
American Medical Association CodeManager, ColorSoft AutoMatch, Yost Engineering ABN Assistant, Yost Engineering CodeSearch Pro
Document management software
Adobe Acrobat, e-MDs DocMan, Microsoft SharePoint, Nuance PaperPort Professional
Business intelligence and data analysis software
IBM Cognos Impromptu, Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition, Qlik Tech QlikView, Tableau
Project management software
Contract management software, Microsoft Project, Microsoft Teams, Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
Electronic mail software
IBM Notes, Microsoft Exchange, Microsoft Outlook
Accounting software
Fund accounting software, Intuit QuickBooks, Sage 50 Accounting
Graphics or photo imaging software
ConceptDraw, SmugMug Flickr, Trimble SketchUp Pro
Development environment software
Apache Maven, Integrated development environment IDE software, Microsoft Visual Basic
Data base management system software
Apache Hadoop, Apache Pig, Teradata Database
Web page creation and editing software
Facebook, LinkedIn, Social media sites
Calendar and scheduling software
AcuStaf, API Healthcare ActiveStaffer, e-MDs Schedule
Spreadsheet software
Google Sheets, Microsoft Excel
Video conferencing software
Cisco Webex, Google Meet
Customer relationship management CRM software
Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge, Salesforce software
Word processing software
Google Docs, Microsoft Word
Financial analysis software
Delphi Technology, Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
Sales and marketing software
Google Ads, Marketo Marketing Automation
Data base reporting software
Microsoft SQL Server Reporting Services SSRS, SAP Crystal Reports
Human resources software
Human resource management software HRMS, Oracle Taleo
Materials requirements planning logistics and supply chain software
Bed Management Suite, TeleTracking PreAdmit-Tracking
Compliance software
3DGrid HIPAA Checkup, Yost Engineering EPStaffCheck
Geographic information system
Geographic information system GIS software
Enterprise system management software
IBM Power Systems software
Access software
Citrix cloud computing software
Communications server software
IBM Domino
Desktop publishing software
Microsoft Publisher
Enterprise application integration software
Microsoft SQL Server Integration Services SSIS
Office suite software
Microsoft Office software
Cloud-based data access and sharing software
Google Drive
Operating system software
Microsoft Windows
Computer aided design CAD software
Autodesk Revit
Charting software
e-MDs Chart
Transaction security and virus protection software
ArticSoft FileAssurity
Object or component oriented development software
R
Internet browser software
Web browser software
Backup or archival software
Veritas NetBackup
Presentation software
Microsoft PowerPoint
Billing and invoicing software
e-MDs Bill
Process mapping and design software
Microsoft Visio
Information retrieval or search software
LexisNexis

Professional Associations

Organizations related to this occupation, such as industry and licensing bodies.

Related Occupations

Occupations that call for similar work and worker requirements.

Detailed Work Activities

More specific, granular versions of the Work Activities above.

Evaluate employee performance.
Supervise employees.
Develop computer or information systems.
Maintain operational records.
Conduct employee training programs.
Implement organizational process or policy changes.
Manage human resources activities.
Direct financial operations.
Maintain knowledge of current developments in area of expertise.
Prepare operational budgets.
Monitor performance of organizational members or partners.
Monitor resources.

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Prepare staff schedules or work assignments.
Hire personnel.
Manage operations, research, or logistics projects.
Recruit personnel.
Liaise between departments or other groups to improve function or communication.
Develop organizational goals or objectives.
Develop procedures to evaluate organizational activities.
Develop operating strategies, plans, or procedures.
Develop organizational policies or programs.
Analyze risks to minimize losses or damages.
Monitor facilities or operational systems.
Prepare operational progress or status reports.
Advise others on legal or regulatory compliance matters.
Inspect condition or functioning of facilities or equipment.
Coordinate operational activities with external stakeholders.

Apprenticeship Occupations

Registered apprenticeship program titles associated with this occupation.

Home Health Director
Home Health Director (Cb)
Long Term Care Nurse Management
Senior Housing Manager (Cb)

This page incorporates information from O*NET Web Services by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA).

Based on federal labor and demographic data. Data source & methodology