Marketing and Sales Managers

Job Zone

Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed

Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.

Job Zones group occupations into one of five categories based on the education, experience, and training typically needed to perform them.

Tasks

Specific duties and responsibilities regularly performed in this occupation.

Formulate, direct, or coordinate marketing activities or policies to promote products or services, working with advertising or promotion managers.77
Use sales forecasting or strategic planning to ensure the sale and profitability of products, lines, or services, analyzing business developments and monitoring market trends.74
Identify, develop, or evaluate marketing strategy, based on knowledge of establishment objectives, market characteristics, and cost and markup factors.72
Direct the hiring, training, or performance evaluations of marketing or sales staff and oversee their daily activities.71
Evaluate the financial aspects of product development, such as budgets, expenditures, research and development appropriations, or return-on-investment and profit-loss projections.69
Develop pricing strategies, balancing firm objectives and customer satisfaction.69
Initiate market research studies, or analyze their findings.68
Compile lists describing product or service offerings.66
Consult with buying personnel to gain advice regarding the types of products or services expected to be in demand.66
Consult with product development personnel on product specifications, such as design, color, or packaging.65
Recommend modifications to products, packaging, production processes, or other characteristics to improve the environmental soundness or sustainability of products.64
Conduct economic or commercial surveys to identify potential markets for products or services.61

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Negotiate contracts with vendors or distributors to manage product distribution, establishing distribution networks or developing distribution strategies.56
Confer with legal staff to resolve problems, such as copyright infringement or royalty sharing with outside producers or distributors.56
Coordinate or participate in promotional activities or trade shows, working with developers, advertisers, or production managers, to market products or services.54
Consult with buying personnel to gain advice regarding environmentally sound or sustainable products.50
Advise business or other groups on local, national, or international factors affecting the buying or selling of products or services.46
Select products or accessories to be displayed at trade or special production shows.46
Integrate environmental information into product or company marketing strategies, policies, or activities.44
Develop business cases for environmental marketing strategies.38
Review and edit content for marketing materials.—

Skills

Developed capacities that facilitate learning or the more rapid acquisition of knowledge.

Active Listening78
Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
Speaking75
Talking to others to convey information effectively.
Active Learning72
Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
Complex Problem Solving72
Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
Critical Thinking72
Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
Judgment and Decision Making72
Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Monitoring72
Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
Persuasion72
Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
Reading Comprehension72
Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
Systems Evaluation72
Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
Coordination69
Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
Negotiation69
Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.

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Social Perceptiveness69
Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
Time Management69
Managing one's own time and the time of others.
Learning Strategies56
Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
Management of Personnel Resources56
Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
Systems Analysis56
Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
Writing56
Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
Operations Analysis53
Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
Instructing50
Teaching others how to do something.
Mathematics50
Using mathematics to solve problems.
Service Orientation50
Actively looking for ways to help people.
Management of Financial Resources47
Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.
Management of Material Resources47
Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
Operations Monitoring22
Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
Quality Control Analysis22
Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
Technology Design22
Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
Programming19
Writing computer programs for various purposes.
Science19
Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
Equipment Maintenance0
Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
Equipment Selection0
Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Installation0
Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
Operation and Control0
Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
Repairing0
Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
Troubleshooting0
Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.

Knowledge

Organized sets of principles and facts that apply in general domains.

Sales and Marketing93
Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
English Language88
Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.
Customer and Personal Service83
Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
Communications and Media77
Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
Administration and Management74
Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
Education and Training56
Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
Administrative55
Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.
Personnel and Human Resources55
Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
Economics and Accounting48
Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.
Mathematics44
Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
Computers and Electronics43
Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
Design42
Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.

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Telecommunications42
Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.
Public Safety and Security39
Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
Law and Government37
Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
Production and Processing36
Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
Psychology35
Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
Geography32
Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
Transportation31
Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
Engineering and Technology29
Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
Sociology and Anthropology25
Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.
Mechanical17
Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
Philosophy and Theology17
Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.
Foreign Language13
Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
History and Archeology12
Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.
Physics9
Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.
Therapy and Counseling9
Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.
Chemistry6
Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
Fine Arts6
Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.
Medicine and Dentistry6
Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.
Building and Construction5
Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
Biology2
Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
Food Production1
Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.

Abilities

Enduring attributes of the individual that influence performance.

Fluency of Ideas78
The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).
Oral Expression78
The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
Oral Comprehension75
The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
Written Comprehension75
The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
Written Expression75
The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
Deductive Reasoning72
The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
Inductive Reasoning72
The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
Originality72
The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
Problem Sensitivity72
The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.
Speech Clarity72
The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
Speech Recognition72
The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
Near Vision69
The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).

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Category Flexibility56
The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
Information Ordering56
The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
Mathematical Reasoning53
The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.
Number Facility53
The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
Flexibility of Closure50
The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
Far Vision47
The ability to see details at a distance.
Memorization47
The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
Selective Attention47
The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
Speed of Closure47
The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
Visualization47
The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
Time Sharing44
The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
Visual Color Discrimination44
The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
Perceptual Speed41
The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
Auditory Attention25
The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
Hearing Sensitivity25
The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
Trunk Strength25
The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.
Finger Dexterity19
The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
Depth Perception16
The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
Wrist-Finger Speed16
The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
Arm-Hand Steadiness10
The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
Control Precision10
The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
Manual Dexterity10
The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
Dynamic Strength3
The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
Dynamic Flexibility0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Explosive Strength0
The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
Extent Flexibility0
The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Glare Sensitivity0
The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
Gross Body Coordination0
The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
Gross Body Equilibrium0
The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
Multilimb Coordination0
The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
Night Vision0
The ability to see under low-light conditions.
Peripheral Vision0
The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
Rate Control0
The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
Reaction Time0
The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
Response Orientation0
The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
Sound Localization0
The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
Spatial Orientation0
The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
Speed of Limb Movement0
The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
Stamina0
The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
Static Strength0
The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.

Work Activities

General types of job behaviors occurring on multiple jobs.

Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships92
Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge90
Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
Developing Objectives and Strategies88
Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
Selling or Influencing Others88
Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
Communicating with People Outside the Organization85
Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
Thinking Creatively83
Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
Getting Information81
Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates78
Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work78
Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
Working with Computers78
Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
Scheduling Work and Activities73
Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates71
Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.

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Providing Consultation and Advice to Others71
Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others71
Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards69
Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
Coaching and Developing Others68
Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
Making Decisions and Solving Problems66
Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
Processing Information66
Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events62
Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People62
Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
Developing and Building Teams61
Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings61
Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
Analyzing Data or Information60
Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others60
Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others58
Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
Monitoring and Controlling Resources56
Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
Documenting/Recording Information52
Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
Performing Administrative Activities52
Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
Staffing Organizational Units51
Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
Training and Teaching Others51
Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
Assisting and Caring for Others49
Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information49
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public43
Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment37
Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials34
Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
Controlling Machines and Processes26
Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
Performing General Physical Activities24
Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment21
Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
Handling and Moving Objects19
Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment18
Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment15
Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.

Work Styles

Personal characteristics that can affect how well someone performs a job.

Innovation83
A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on ways to accomplish work.
Leadership Orientation80
A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
Achievement Orientation79
A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.
Adaptability77
A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas at work.
Self-Confidence73
A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.
Social Orientation73
A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
Dependability71
A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.
Initiative68
A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.
Intellectual Curiosity66
A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.
Perseverance62
A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.
Stress Tolerance60
A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
Integrity58
A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.

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Tolerance for Ambiguity57
A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
Attention to Detail54
A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
Cooperation50
A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
Optimism49
A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even under difficult circumstances.
Self-Control48
A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.
Empathy35
A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feelings at work.
Sincerity21
A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.
Cautiousness11
A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related decisions or doing work.

Interests (RIASEC)

Holland's six occupational interest types (RIASEC) this work tends to attract.

Enterprising100
Work involves managing, negotiating, marketing, or selling, typically in a business setting, or leading or advising people in political and legal situations. Enterprising occupations are often associated with business initiatives, sales, marketing/advertising, finance, management/administration, professional advising, public speaking, politics, or law.
Conventional62
Work involves following procedures and regulations to organize information or data, typically in a business setting. Conventional occupations are often associated with office work, accounting, mathematics/statistics, information technology, finance, or human resources.
Investigative32
Work involves studying and researching non-living objects, living organisms, disease or other forms of impairment, or human behavior. Investigative occupations are often associated with physical, life, medical, or social sciences, and can be found in the fields of humanities, mathematics/statistics, information technology, or health care service.
Social30
Work involves helping, teaching, advising, assisting, or providing service to others. Social occupations are often associated with social, health care, personal service, teaching/education, or religious activities.
Artistic24
Work involves creating original visual artwork, performances, written works, food, or music for a variety of media, or applying artistic principles to the design of various objects and materials. Artistic occupations are often associated with visual arts, applied arts and design, performing arts, music, creative writing, media, or culinary art.
Realistic0
Work involves designing, building, or repairing of equipment, materials, or structures, engaging in physical activity, or working outdoors. Realistic occupations are often associated with engineering, mechanics and electronics, construction, woodworking, transportation, machine operation, agriculture, animal services, physical or manual labor, athletics, or protective services.

Work Context

Physical and social factors that influence the nature of work.

E-Mail
- Every day100%
Telephone Conversations
- Every day90%
Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals
- A lot of freedom88%
- Some freedom11%
Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team
- Extremely important83%
- Very important13%
Spend Time Sitting
- Continually or almost continually78%
- More than half the time17%
Duration of Typical Work Week
- More than 40 hours84%
- 40 hours16%
Freedom to Make Decisions
Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities
Indoors, Environmentally Controlled
- Every day82%
Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams
- Once a week or more but not every day19%
- Once a month or more but not every week21%
Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results
- Very important results70%
Contact With Others

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Frequency of Decision Making
- Every day56%
- Once a week or more but not every day19%
- Once a month or more but not every week21%
Importance of Being Exact or Accurate
- Extremely important70%
- Fairly important21%
Time Pressure
- Every day36%
- Once a week or more but not every day59%
Level of Competition
- Extremely competitive24%
Deal With External Customers or the Public in General
Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers
- Very high responsibility17%
- High responsibility39%
Importance of Repeating Same Tasks
- Very important18%
- Important36%
Consequence of Error
- Serious11%
- Fairly serious11%
- Not serious at all26%
Written Letters and Memos
- Once a week or more but not every day26%
- Once a year or more but not every month19%
Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions
- Continually or almost continually30%
- Less than half the time18%
- Never20%
Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls
- Never35%
Conflict Situations
- Once a week or more but not every day29%
- Once a year or more but not every month18%
Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable
- Once a year or more but not every month40%
- Never11%
Public Speaking
Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People
- Once a month or more but not every week17%
- Once a year or more but not every month26%
Physical Proximity
Health and Safety of Other Workers
- High responsibility18%
- Limited responsibility67%
Spend Time Standing
Degree of Automation
- Moderately automated12%
- Slightly automated27%
In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment
- Once a month or more but not every week26%
- Once a year or more but not every month28%
Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled
- Once a year or more but not every month40%
- Never51%
Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions
Outdoors, Under Cover
- Once a year or more but not every month46%
Spend Time Walking or Running
- About half the time12%
- Less than half the time32%
Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets
- Never71%
Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body
Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures
Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People
- Never90%
Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance
- Never89%
Exposed to Contaminants
- Never98%
Exposed to Disease or Infections
- Never91%
Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions
- Never93%
Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings
- Never96%
Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions
- Never97%
Exposed to Hazardous Conditions
- Never99%
Exposed to Hazardous Equipment
- Never98%
Exposed to High Places
- Never98%
In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment
- Never99%
Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment
- Not important at all99%
Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles
- Never98%
Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling
- Never96%
Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection
- Never98%
Work Schedules
- Regular (established routine, set schedule)99%
Exposed to Radiation
- Never99%
Exposed to Whole Body Vibration
- Never99%

Typical Education Levels Reported

Education levels O*NET survey respondents in this occupation most often reported having.

Bachelor’s degree
Master’s degree
Professional degree

Technology Skills

Specific software and technology tools commonly used on the job.

Data base user interface and query software
Airtable, Amazon Redshift, MySQL, Yardi software
Web platform development software
Cascading style sheets CSS, Hypertext markup language HTML, JavaScript, PHP
Video creation and editing software
Adobe After Effects, Flipgrid, TikTok, YouTube
Customer relationship management CRM software
Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge, Oracle Eloqua, QAD Marketing Automation, Salesforce software
Data base management system software
Apache Cassandra, Apache Hive, Elasticsearch, Oracle PL/SQL
Enterprise resource planning ERP software
Microsoft Dynamics, Oracle Fusion Applications, Oracle PeopleSoft, SAP software
Analytical or scientific software
IBM SPSS Statistics, Minitab, SAS, The MathWorks MATLAB
Development environment software
C, Microsoft Azure software, Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA, Ruby
Graphics or photo imaging software
Adobe Creative Cloud software, Adobe Illustrator, Canva, JamBoard
Business intelligence and data analysis software
Google Looker Analytics, IBM Cognos Impromptu, Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition, Tableau
Web page creation and editing software
Adobe Dreamweaver, Facebook, Instagram, WordPress
Cloud-based data access and sharing software
Asana, Dropbox, Google Drive, Slack
Object or component oriented development software
Jupyter Notebook, Python, R, Swift
Presentation software
Apple Keynote, Google Slides, Mentimeter, Microsoft PowerPoint
Accounting software
Fund accounting software, Intuit QuickBooks, Tax software
Document management software
Adobe Acrobat, Adobe Acrobat Reader, Microsoft SharePoint
Word processing software
Evernote, Google Docs, Microsoft Word
Sales and marketing software
Google Ads, HubSpot software, Marketo Marketing Automation
Project management software
Atlassian Confluence, Microsoft Project, Microsoft Teams
Electronic mail software
IBM Notes, Microsoft Outlook
Video conferencing software
Google Meet, LogMeIn GoToMeeting
Desktop publishing software
Adobe InDesign, Microsoft Publisher
Enterprise application integration software
Extensible markup language XML, IBM InfoSphere DataStage
Financial analysis software
Delphi Technology, Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
Transaction security and virus protection software
McAfee, NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
Spreadsheet software
Microsoft Excel
Content workflow software
Atlassian JIRA
Application server software
GitHub
Enterprise system management software
IBM Power Systems software
Access software
Citrix cloud computing software
Expert system software
Oracle Beehive
Computer based training software
Padlet
Desktop communications software
Eko
Communications server software
IBM Domino
Network conferencing software
LogMeIn GoToWebinar
Transaction server software
Armand Morin MultiTrack Generator
Office suite software
Microsoft Office software
Operating system software
Apple macOS
Graphical user interface development software
Figma
Data base reporting software
Database reporting software
Multi-media educational software
Nearpod
Internet browser software
Web browser software
Cloud-based management software
Splunk Enterprise
Data mining software
Google Analytics
Process mapping and design software
Microsoft Visio
Information retrieval or search software
LexisNexis

Professional Associations

Organizations related to this occupation, such as industry and licensing bodies.

Related Occupations

Occupations that call for similar work and worker requirements.

Detailed Work Activities

More specific, granular versions of the Work Activities above.

Develop marketing plans or strategies.
Direct sales, marketing, or customer service activities.
Analyze market research data.
Analyze forecasting data to improve business decisions.
Monitor external affairs or events affecting business operations.
Evaluate program effectiveness.
Supervise employees.
Analyze data to inform operational decisions or activities.
Determine pricing or monetary policies.
Estimate cost or material requirements.
Confer with organizational members to accomplish work activities.
Compile operational data.

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Develop sustainable organizational policies or practices.
Recommend organizational process or policy changes.
Conduct opinion surveys or needs assessments.
Negotiate contracts for transportation, distribution, or logistics services.
Coordinate special events or programs.
Advise others on business or operational matters.
Develop marketing plans or strategies for environmental initiatives.

This page incorporates information from O*NET Web Services by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA).

Based on federal labor and demographic data. Data source & methodology