Librarians

Job Zone

Job Zone Five: Extensive Preparation Needed

Most of these occupations require graduate school. For example, they may require a master's degree, and some require a Ph.D., M.D., or J.D. (law degree).

Job Zones group occupations into one of five categories based on the education, experience, and training typically needed to perform them.

Tasks

Specific duties and responsibilities regularly performed in this occupation.

Search standard reference materials, including online sources and the Internet, to answer patrons' reference questions.91
Analyze patrons' requests to determine needed information and assist in furnishing or locating that information.86
Supervise daily library operations, budgeting, planning, and personnel activities, such as hiring, training, scheduling, and performance evaluations.84
Plan and teach classes on topics such as information literacy, library instruction, and technology use.84
Code, classify, and catalog books, publications, films, audio-visual aids, and other library materials, based on subject matter or standard library classification systems.83
Confer with colleagues, faculty, and community members and organizations to conduct informational programs, make collection decisions, and determine library services to offer.83
Review and evaluate materials, using book reviews, catalogs, faculty recommendations, and current holdings to select and order print, audio-visual, and electronic resources.82
Evaluate vendor products and performance, negotiate contracts, and place orders.79
Direct and train library staff in duties, such as receiving, shelving, researching, cataloging, and equipment use.79
Arrange for interlibrary loans of materials not available in a particular library.78
Teach library patrons basic computer skills, such as searching computerized databases.78
Check books in and out of the library.76

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Keep up-to-date records of circulation and materials, maintain inventory, and correct cataloging errors.75
Locate unusual or unique information in response to specific requests.74
Explain use of library facilities, resources, equipment, and services, and provide information about library policies.74
Develop, maintain, and troubleshoot information access aids, such as databases, annotated bibliographies, Web pages, electronic pathfinders, software programs, and online tutorials.73
Develop library policies and procedures.73
Respond to customer complaints, taking action as necessary.72
Engage in professional development activities, such as taking continuing education classes and attending or participating in conferences, workshops, professional meetings, and associations.71
Plan and deliver client-centered programs and services, such as special services for corporate clients, storytelling for children, newsletters, or programs for special groups.68
Confer with teachers to select course materials and to determine which training aids are best suited to particular grade levels.66
Represent library or institution on internal and external committees.62
Maintain hardware and software, including computers, media equipment, scanners, color copiers, and color laser printers.59
Evaluate materials to determine outdated or unused items to be discarded.58
Compile lists of books, periodicals, articles, and audio-visual materials on particular subjects.50
Train faculty and media staff on the use of software and audio-visual equipment.47
Maintain inventory of audio-visual equipment.44
Assemble and arrange display materials.43
Troubleshoot problems with audio-visual equipment.35
Set up, adjust, and operate audio-visual equipment, such as cameras, film and slide projectors, and recording equipment, for meetings, events, classes, seminars, and video conferences.31

Skills

Developed capacities that facilitate learning or the more rapid acquisition of knowledge.

Reading Comprehension78
Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
Active Listening75
Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
Speaking75
Talking to others to convey information effectively.
Critical Thinking66
Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
Writing66
Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
Service Orientation60
Actively looking for ways to help people.
Judgment and Decision Making56
Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Monitoring56
Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
Social Perceptiveness56
Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
Active Learning53
Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
Instructing53
Teaching others how to do something.
Complex Problem Solving50
Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.

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Coordination50
Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
Learning Strategies50
Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
Time Management50
Managing one's own time and the time of others.
Management of Personnel Resources47
Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
Management of Financial Resources44
Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.
Management of Material Resources41
Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
Negotiation38
Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
Persuasion38
Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
Systems Analysis38
Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
Systems Evaluation38
Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
Mathematics22
Using mathematics to solve problems.
Operations Analysis19
Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
Programming19
Writing computer programs for various purposes.
Quality Control Analysis19
Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
Operations Monitoring16
Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
Technology Design13
Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
Operation and Control10
Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
Troubleshooting10
Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
Equipment Maintenance3
Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
Equipment Selection3
Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Repairing3
Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
Installation0
Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
Science0
Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.

Knowledge

Organized sets of principles and facts that apply in general domains.

English Language86
Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.
Customer and Personal Service85
Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
Education and Training77
Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
Computers and Electronics69
Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
Administration and Management65
Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
Administrative63
Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.
Communications and Media54
Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
Personnel and Human Resources47
Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
Public Safety and Security43
Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
Law and Government38
Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
Sales and Marketing33
Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
Economics and Accounting32
Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.

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Foreign Language32
Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
Mathematics31
Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
History and Archeology29
Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.
Psychology28
Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
Sociology and Anthropology28
Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.
Telecommunications28
Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.
Geography24
Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
Fine Arts19
Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.
Philosophy and Theology18
Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.
Engineering and Technology16
Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
Transportation16
Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
Therapy and Counseling15
Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.
Design14
Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.
Production and Processing12
Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
Building and Construction8
Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
Mechanical8
Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
Medicine and Dentistry8
Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.
Chemistry7
Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
Physics5
Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.
Biology4
Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
Food Production0
Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.

Abilities

Enduring attributes of the individual that influence performance.

Information Ordering78
The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
Oral Comprehension78
The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
Oral Expression78
The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
Written Comprehension78
The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
Near Vision75
The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
Category Flexibility72
The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
Written Expression72
The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
Speech Clarity69
The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
Speech Recognition69
The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
Deductive Reasoning56
The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
Inductive Reasoning56
The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
Fluency of Ideas53
The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).

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Originality50
The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
Problem Sensitivity50
The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.
Selective Attention50
The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
Speed of Closure50
The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
Flexibility of Closure47
The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
Memorization47
The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
Far Vision44
The ability to see details at a distance.
Perceptual Speed44
The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
Time Sharing41
The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
Trunk Strength31
The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.
Manual Dexterity28
The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
Number Facility28
The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
Visualization28
The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
Auditory Attention25
The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
Finger Dexterity25
The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
Visual Color Discrimination25
The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
Mathematical Reasoning22
The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.
Multilimb Coordination22
The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
Wrist-Finger Speed22
The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
Arm-Hand Steadiness19
The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
Extent Flexibility19
The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Spatial Orientation19
The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
Control Precision16
The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
Depth Perception16
The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
Hearing Sensitivity16
The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
Dynamic Strength13
The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
Static Strength13
The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
Explosive Strength6
The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
Response Orientation3
The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
Dynamic Flexibility0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Glare Sensitivity0
The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
Gross Body Coordination0
The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
Gross Body Equilibrium0
The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
Night Vision0
The ability to see under low-light conditions.
Peripheral Vision0
The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
Rate Control0
The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
Reaction Time0
The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
Sound Localization0
The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
Speed of Limb Movement0
The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
Stamina0
The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.

Work Activities

General types of job behaviors occurring on multiple jobs.

Getting Information97
Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
Working with Computers96
Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public87
Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates86
Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge86
Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others85
Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
Processing Information84
Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships82
Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Documenting/Recording Information78
Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work78
Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
Training and Teaching Others78
Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
Communicating with People Outside the Organization76
Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.

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Analyzing Data or Information75
Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
Making Decisions and Solving Problems75
Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events74
Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
Scheduling Work and Activities70
Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
Thinking Creatively70
Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
Developing Objectives and Strategies66
Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
Monitoring and Controlling Resources65
Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
Performing Administrative Activities65
Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People61
Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
Providing Consultation and Advice to Others60
Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards59
Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
Coaching and Developing Others58
Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others58
Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
Staffing Organizational Units58
Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates57
Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings57
Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
Developing and Building Teams56
Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others46
Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
Assisting and Caring for Others45
Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information44
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
Handling and Moving Objects40
Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials39
Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
Performing General Physical Activities29
Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment21
Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
Controlling Machines and Processes20
Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
Selling or Influencing Others18
Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment12
Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment8
Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment6
Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.

Work Styles

Personal characteristics that can affect how well someone performs a job.

Attention to Detail79
A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
Cooperation77
A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
Intellectual Curiosity73
A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.
Dependability65
A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.
Social Orientation60
A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
Empathy52
A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feelings at work.
Initiative50
A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.
Sincerity48
A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.
Adaptability45
A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas at work.
Achievement Orientation43
A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.
Humility41
A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
Leadership Orientation40
A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.

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Self-Confidence38
A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.
Tolerance for Ambiguity37
A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
Optimism36
A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even under difficult circumstances.
Perseverance36
A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.
Integrity30
A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
Self-Control28
A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.
Innovation27
A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on ways to accomplish work.
Stress Tolerance26
A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
Cautiousness19
A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related decisions or doing work.

Interests (RIASEC)

Holland's six occupational interest types (RIASEC) this work tends to attract.

Conventional81
Work involves following procedures and regulations to organize information or data, typically in a business setting. Conventional occupations are often associated with office work, accounting, mathematics/statistics, information technology, finance, or human resources.
Social51
Work involves helping, teaching, advising, assisting, or providing service to others. Social occupations are often associated with social, health care, personal service, teaching/education, or religious activities.
Investigative44
Work involves studying and researching non-living objects, living organisms, disease or other forms of impairment, or human behavior. Investigative occupations are often associated with physical, life, medical, or social sciences, and can be found in the fields of humanities, mathematics/statistics, information technology, or health care service.
Enterprising29
Work involves managing, negotiating, marketing, or selling, typically in a business setting, or leading or advising people in political and legal situations. Enterprising occupations are often associated with business initiatives, sales, marketing/advertising, finance, management/administration, professional advising, public speaking, politics, or law.
Artistic28
Work involves creating original visual artwork, performances, written works, food, or music for a variety of media, or applying artistic principles to the design of various objects and materials. Artistic occupations are often associated with visual arts, applied arts and design, performing arts, music, creative writing, media, or culinary art.
Realistic22
Work involves designing, building, or repairing of equipment, materials, or structures, engaging in physical activity, or working outdoors. Realistic occupations are often associated with engineering, mechanics and electronics, construction, woodworking, transportation, machine operation, agriculture, animal services, physical or manual labor, athletics, or protective services.

Work Context

Physical and social factors that influence the nature of work.

E-Mail
- Every day100%
Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams
- Every day93%
Indoors, Environmentally Controlled
- Every day92%
Deal With External Customers or the Public in General
- Extremely important48%
- Very important48%
Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team
- Extremely important48%
- Very important37%
- Important15%
Contact With Others
- Constant contact with others22%
- Contact with others most of the time67%
- Contact with others about half the time11%
Freedom to Make Decisions
- A lot of freedom30%
- Some freedom56%
- Limited freedom11%
Spend Time Sitting
- Continually or almost continually23%
- More than half the time69%
Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals
- A lot of freedom19%
- Some freedom67%
- Limited freedom15%
Importance of Being Exact or Accurate
- Extremely important26%
- Very important44%
- Important22%
Telephone Conversations
- Every day24%
- Once a week or more but not every day36%
- Once a month or more but not every week24%
- Once a year or more but not every month16%
Importance of Repeating Same Tasks
- Extremely important22%
- Very important22%
- Important30%
- Fairly important22%

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Time Pressure
- Once a week or more but not every day41%
- Once a month or more but not every week52%
Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls
- Continually or almost continually33%
- More than half the time15%
- Less than half the time41%
Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities
- Very important30%
- Important41%
- Fairly important22%
Frequency of Decision Making
- Every day22%
- Once a week or more but not every day22%
- Once a month or more but not every week15%
- Once a year or more but not every month37%
Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People
- Once a week or more but not every day26%
- Once a month or more but not every week44%
- Once a year or more but not every month26%
Physical Proximity
- Moderately close (at arm's length)30%
- Slightly close (e.g., shared office)48%
- I work with others but not closely (e.g., private office)22%
Written Letters and Memos
- Every day11%
- Once a week or more but not every day22%
- Once a month or more but not every week33%
- Once a year or more but not every month30%
Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results
- Important results30%
- Moderate results33%
- Minor results33%
Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions
- Continually or almost continually15%
- More than half the time30%
- Less than half the time41%
Duration of Typical Work Week
- 40 hours85%
Public Speaking
- Once a week or more but not every day19%
- Once a month or more but not every week48%
- Once a year or more but not every month33%
Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers
- High responsibility19%
- Moderate responsibility52%
- Limited responsibility22%
Conflict Situations
- Once a week or more but not every day19%
- Once a month or more but not every week26%
- Once a year or more but not every month48%
Degree of Automation
- Moderately automated63%
- Slightly automated30%
Level of Competition
- Highly competitive11%
- Moderately competitive44%
- Slightly competitive30%
- Not at all competitive11%
Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable
- Once a week or more but not every day15%
- Once a month or more but not every week19%
- Once a year or more but not every month56%
- Never11%
Health and Safety of Other Workers
- Moderate responsibility27%
- Limited responsibility54%
- No responsibility12%
Spend Time Standing
- Less than half the time89%
Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body
- Less than half the time63%
- Never22%
Spend Time Walking or Running
- Less than half the time96%
Consequence of Error
- Fairly serious37%
- Not serious at all44%
Exposed to Contaminants
- Once a month or more but not every week12%
- Once a year or more but not every month23%
- Never54%
Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People
- Once a month or more but not every week11%
- Once a year or more but not every month52%
- Never33%
Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling
- Less than half the time67%
- Never26%
In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment
- Once a month or more but not every week19%
- Once a year or more but not every month22%
- Never56%
Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions
- Once a year or more but not every month11%
- Never74%
Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled
- Once a year or more but not every month30%
- Never63%
Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance
- Less than half the time30%
- Never67%
Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions
- Once a year or more but not every month19%
- Never74%
Exposed to Disease or Infections
- Once a year or more but not every month15%
- Never78%
Outdoors, Under Cover
- Once a year or more but not every month30%
- Never67%
Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles
- Less than half the time37%
- Never63%
Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings
- Once a year or more but not every month11%
- Never81%
Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets
- Once a year or more but not every month11%
- Never81%
Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment
- Fairly important11%
- Not important at all85%
Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions
- Never89%
Work Schedules
- Regular (established routine, set schedule)93%
Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures
- Once a year or more but not every month11%
- Never89%
Exposed to High Places
- Never93%
Exposed to Hazardous Conditions
- Never96%
Exposed to Hazardous Equipment
- Never96%
In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment
- Never96%
Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection
- Never96%
Exposed to Radiation
- Never100%
Exposed to Whole Body Vibration
- Never100%

Typical Education Levels Reported

Education levels O*NET survey respondents in this occupation most often reported having.

Master’s degree
Bachelor’s degree

Technology Skills

Specific software and technology tools commonly used on the job.

Data base user interface and query software
Blackboard software, Database software, Microsoft Access, Structured query language SQL
Library software
Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) databases, RCL Software Media Library Manager, Surpass management system software, WorldCat
Web platform development software
Cascading style sheets CSS, Hypertext markup language HTML, JavaScript, PHP
Web page creation and editing software
Adobe Dreamweaver, Blogging software, Facebook, Wiki software
Graphics or photo imaging software
Adobe Creative Cloud software, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, Graphics software
Video creation and editing software
Adobe After Effects, Adobe Premiere Pro, Apple Final Cut Pro, Apple iMovie
Desktop publishing software
Adobe InDesign, Microsoft Publisher, QuarkXPress
Information retrieval or search software
Classification Web, LexisNexis, Thomson Reuters Westlaw Edge
Electronic mail software
Email software, Microsoft Outlook
Document management software
Adobe Acrobat, Microsoft SharePoint
Office suite software
Google Workspace software, Microsoft Office software
Analytical or scientific software
Data visualization software, StataCorp Stata
Spreadsheet software
Microsoft Excel
Development environment software
Standard generalized markup language SGML
Computer based training software
Learning management system LMS
Video conferencing software
Zoom
Enterprise application integration software
Extensible markup language XML
Operating system software
Microsoft Windows
Word processing software
Microsoft Word
Computer aided design CAD software
Autodesk AutoCAD
Object or component oriented development software
Oracle Java
Internet browser software
Web browser software
Presentation software
Microsoft PowerPoint
Process mapping and design software
Microsoft Visio

Professional Associations

Organizations related to this occupation, such as industry and licensing bodies.

Related Occupations

Detailed Work Activities

More specific, granular versions of the Work Activities above.

Search information sources to find specific data.
Help patrons use library or archival resources.
Teach others to use technology or equipment.
Direct department activities.
Classify materials according to standard systems.
Confer with others to conduct or arrange operational activities.
Select educational materials or equipment.
Order instructional or library materials or equipment.
Direct activities of subordinates.
Negotiate purchases or contracts.
Train staff members.
Process library materials.

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Maintain inventories of materials, equipment, or products.
Maintain operational records.
Develop library or archival databases.
Develop policies or procedures for archives, museums or libraries.
Attend training sessions or professional meetings to develop or maintain professional knowledge.
Plan community programs or activities for the general public.
Collaborate with other teaching professionals to develop educational programs.
Serve on institutional or departmental committees.
Maintain computer equipment or software.
Inspect materials or equipment to determine need for repair or replacement.
Compile specialized bibliographies or lists of materials.
Inventory materials or equipment.
Maintain inventory records.
Maintain the inventory of equipment.
Construct exhibits or parts of exhibits.
Diagnose equipment malfunctions.
Troubleshoot equipment or systems operation problems.
Operate audiovisual equipment.

This page incorporates information from O*NET Web Services by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA).

Based on federal labor and demographic data. Data source & methodology