Human Resources Managers

Job Zone

Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed

Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.

Job Zones group occupations into one of five categories based on the education, experience, and training typically needed to perform them.

Tasks

Specific duties and responsibilities regularly performed in this occupation.

Serve as a link between management and employees by handling questions, interpreting and administering contracts and helping resolve work-related problems.92
Plan, direct, supervise, and coordinate work activities of subordinates and staff relating to employment, compensation, labor relations, and employee relations.89
Perform difficult staffing duties, including dealing with understaffing, refereeing disputes, firing employees, and administering disciplinary procedures.87
Represent organization at personnel-related hearings and investigations.85
Negotiate bargaining agreements and help interpret labor contracts.83
Advise managers on organizational policy matters, such as equal employment opportunity and sexual harassment, and recommend needed changes.83
Plan and conduct new employee orientation to foster positive attitude toward organizational objectives.77
Analyze and modify compensation and benefits policies to establish competitive programs and ensure compliance with legal requirements.76
Identify staff vacancies and recruit, interview, and select applicants.76
Investigate and report on industrial accidents for insurance carriers.75
Analyze statistical data and reports to identify and determine causes of personnel problems and develop recommendations for improvement of organization's personnel policies and practices.75
Administer compensation, benefits, and performance management systems, and safety and recreation programs.73

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Prepare and follow budgets for personnel operations.73
Maintain records and compile statistical reports concerning personnel-related data such as hires, transfers, performance appraisals, and absenteeism rates.69
Provide current and prospective employees with information about policies, job duties, working conditions, wages, opportunities for promotion, and employee benefits.67
Plan, organize, direct, control, or coordinate the personnel, training, or labor relations activities of an organization.66
Conduct exit interviews to identify reasons for employee termination.66
Oversee the evaluation, classification, and rating of occupations and job positions.64
Analyze training needs to design employee development, language training, and health and safety programs.64
Allocate human resources, ensuring appropriate matches between personnel.64
Prepare personnel forecast to project employment needs.63
Study legislation, arbitration decisions, and collective bargaining contracts to assess industry trends.59
Develop or administer special projects in areas such as pay equity, savings bond programs, day care, and employee awards.55
Develop, administer, and evaluate applicant tests.46
Contract with vendors to provide employee services, such as food service, transportation, or relocation service.36
Provide terminated employees with outplacement or relocation assistance.30

Skills

Developed capacities that facilitate learning or the more rapid acquisition of knowledge.

Active Listening85
Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
Management of Personnel Resources81
Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
Reading Comprehension81
Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
Speaking81
Talking to others to convey information effectively.
Coordination78
Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
Writing78
Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
Active Learning75
Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
Complex Problem Solving75
Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
Critical Thinking75
Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
Judgment and Decision Making75
Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Monitoring75
Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
Social Perceptiveness75
Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.

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Time Management75
Managing one's own time and the time of others.
Instructing72
Teaching others how to do something.
Negotiation72
Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
Systems Evaluation72
Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
Learning Strategies69
Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
Persuasion69
Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
Service Orientation69
Actively looking for ways to help people.
Systems Analysis66
Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
Management of Financial Resources53
Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.
Mathematics50
Using mathematics to solve problems.
Management of Material Resources35
Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
Operations Analysis35
Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
Programming25
Writing computer programs for various purposes.
Quality Control Analysis16
Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
Operations Monitoring13
Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
Science13
Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
Technology Design13
Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
Operation and Control6
Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
Equipment Maintenance0
Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
Equipment Selection0
Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Installation0
Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
Repairing0
Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
Troubleshooting0
Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.

Knowledge

Organized sets of principles and facts that apply in general domains.

Personnel and Human Resources98
Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
English Language83
Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.
Administration and Management80
Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
Customer and Personal Service73
Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
Education and Training72
Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
Law and Government65
Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
Psychology57
Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
Public Safety and Security55
Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
Computers and Electronics51
Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
Communications and Media50
Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
Mathematics50
Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
Administrative48
Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.

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Therapy and Counseling48
Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.
Sociology and Anthropology45
Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.
Economics and Accounting42
Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.
Sales and Marketing35
Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
Foreign Language30
Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
Telecommunications29
Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.
Philosophy and Theology27
Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.
Production and Processing26
Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
Geography21
Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
Medicine and Dentistry17
Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.
Design16
Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.
History and Archeology15
Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.
Transportation13
Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
Food Production11
Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.
Engineering and Technology10
Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
Fine Arts7
Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.
Building and Construction6
Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
Mechanical6
Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
Biology5
Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
Chemistry4
Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
Physics2
Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.

Abilities

Enduring attributes of the individual that influence performance.

Oral Expression88
The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
Oral Comprehension85
The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
Written Comprehension85
The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
Speech Clarity78
The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
Written Expression78
The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
Deductive Reasoning75
The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
Inductive Reasoning75
The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
Near Vision75
The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
Speech Recognition75
The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
Problem Sensitivity72
The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.
Fluency of Ideas69
The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).
Originality69
The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.

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Information Ordering66
The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
Selective Attention63
The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
Category Flexibility60
The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
Speed of Closure53
The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
Mathematical Reasoning50
The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.
Memorization50
The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
Number Facility50
The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
Far Vision47
The ability to see details at a distance.
Flexibility of Closure47
The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
Time Sharing44
The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
Perceptual Speed41
The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
Auditory Attention28
The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
Visualization28
The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
Trunk Strength25
The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.
Wrist-Finger Speed25
The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
Hearing Sensitivity19
The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
Visual Color Discrimination19
The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
Depth Perception13
The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
Dynamic Strength10
The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
Finger Dexterity10
The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
Arm-Hand Steadiness3
The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
Control Precision3
The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
Manual Dexterity3
The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
Spatial Orientation3
The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
Dynamic Flexibility0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Explosive Strength0
The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
Extent Flexibility0
The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Glare Sensitivity0
The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
Gross Body Coordination0
The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
Gross Body Equilibrium0
The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
Multilimb Coordination0
The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
Night Vision0
The ability to see under low-light conditions.
Peripheral Vision0
The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
Rate Control0
The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
Reaction Time0
The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
Response Orientation0
The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
Sound Localization0
The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
Speed of Limb Movement0
The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
Stamina0
The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
Static Strength0
The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.

Work Activities

General types of job behaviors occurring on multiple jobs.

Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates93
Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships93
Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others93
Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
Making Decisions and Solving Problems91
Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards90
Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
Developing and Building Teams86
Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work86
Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
Coaching and Developing Others83
Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
Providing Consultation and Advice to Others82
Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
Staffing Organizational Units81
Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
Working with Computers81
Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
Getting Information80
Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.

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Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates79
Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
Training and Teaching Others77
Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People75
Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
Processing Information75
Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge75
Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
Analyzing Data or Information74
Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
Developing Objectives and Strategies74
Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
Documenting/Recording Information74
Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others73
Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others73
Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
Communicating with People Outside the Organization72
Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
Thinking Creatively68
Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events65
Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
Monitoring and Controlling Resources65
Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
Scheduling Work and Activities64
Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
Performing Administrative Activities63
Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings62
Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
Selling or Influencing Others61
Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
Assisting and Caring for Others60
Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public51
Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information46
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
Performing General Physical Activities27
Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials25
Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment18
Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
Handling and Moving Objects17
Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
Controlling Machines and Processes14
Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment13
Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment5
Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment4
Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.

Work Styles

Personal characteristics that can affect how well someone performs a job.

Integrity98
A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
Dependability88
A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.
Leadership Orientation82
A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
Cooperation77
A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
Social Orientation77
A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
Empathy72
A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feelings at work.
Attention to Detail71
A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
Self-Control71
A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.
Stress Tolerance70
A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
Perseverance66
A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.
Adaptability65
A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas at work.
Initiative64
A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.

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Sincerity63
A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.
Achievement Orientation62
A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.
Self-Confidence61
A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.
Cautiousness54
A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related decisions or doing work.
Tolerance for Ambiguity49
A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
Optimism43
A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even under difficult circumstances.
Humility41
A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
Intellectual Curiosity40
A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.
Innovation33
A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on ways to accomplish work.

Interests (RIASEC)

Holland's six occupational interest types (RIASEC) this work tends to attract.

Enterprising100
Work involves managing, negotiating, marketing, or selling, typically in a business setting, or leading or advising people in political and legal situations. Enterprising occupations are often associated with business initiatives, sales, marketing/advertising, finance, management/administration, professional advising, public speaking, politics, or law.
Conventional76
Work involves following procedures and regulations to organize information or data, typically in a business setting. Conventional occupations are often associated with office work, accounting, mathematics/statistics, information technology, finance, or human resources.
Social48
Work involves helping, teaching, advising, assisting, or providing service to others. Social occupations are often associated with social, health care, personal service, teaching/education, or religious activities.
Investigative22
Work involves studying and researching non-living objects, living organisms, disease or other forms of impairment, or human behavior. Investigative occupations are often associated with physical, life, medical, or social sciences, and can be found in the fields of humanities, mathematics/statistics, information technology, or health care service.
Artistic8
Work involves creating original visual artwork, performances, written works, food, or music for a variety of media, or applying artistic principles to the design of various objects and materials. Artistic occupations are often associated with visual arts, applied arts and design, performing arts, music, creative writing, media, or culinary art.
Realistic4
Work involves designing, building, or repairing of equipment, materials, or structures, engaging in physical activity, or working outdoors. Realistic occupations are often associated with engineering, mechanics and electronics, construction, woodworking, transportation, machine operation, agriculture, animal services, physical or manual labor, athletics, or protective services.

Work Context

Physical and social factors that influence the nature of work.

E-Mail
- Every day100%
Telephone Conversations
- Every day85%
- Once a week or more but not every day15%
Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams
- Every day81%
- Once a week or more but not every day19%
Contact With Others
- Constant contact with others73%
- Contact with others most of the time23%
Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team
- Extremely important55%
- Very important41%
Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals
- A lot of freedom41%
- Some freedom50%
Freedom to Make Decisions
- A lot of freedom32%
- Some freedom64%
Spend Time Sitting
- Continually or almost continually32%
- More than half the time59%
Duration of Typical Work Week
- More than 40 hours68%
- 40 hours23%
Frequency of Decision Making
- Every day50%
- Once a week or more but not every day27%
- Once a year or more but not every month14%
Importance of Being Exact or Accurate
- Extremely important32%
- Very important50%
- Important14%
Conflict Situations
- Every day32%
- Once a week or more but not every day41%
- Once a month or more but not every week27%

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Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results
- Very important results32%
- Important results45%
- Moderate results18%
Indoors, Environmentally Controlled
- Every day68%
- Never14%
Time Pressure
- Every day27%
- Once a week or more but not every day36%
- Once a month or more but not every week36%
Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities
- Extremely important18%
- Very important50%
- Important32%
Written Letters and Memos
- Every day24%
- Once a week or more but not every day38%
- Once a month or more but not every week33%
Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People
- Every day14%
- Once a week or more but not every day41%
- Once a month or more but not every week41%
Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers
- High responsibility59%
- Moderate responsibility18%
- Limited responsibility14%
Deal With External Customers or the Public in General
- Extremely important18%
- Very important41%
- Important18%
- Fairly important18%
Health and Safety of Other Workers
- High responsibility45%
- Moderate responsibility32%
- Limited responsibility14%
Importance of Repeating Same Tasks
- Extremely important14%
- Very important41%
- Important14%
- Fairly important18%
- Not important at all14%
Level of Competition
- Highly competitive24%
- Moderately competitive62%
Consequence of Error
- Very serious27%
- Serious23%
- Fairly serious32%
Public Speaking
- Once a month or more but not every week55%
- Once a year or more but not every month36%
Physical Proximity
- Moderately close (at arm's length)14%
- Slightly close (e.g., shared office)18%
- I work with others but not closely (e.g., private office)59%
Degree of Automation
- Moderately automated50%
- Slightly automated41%
Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions
- More than half the time18%
- About half the time14%
- Less than half the time36%
- Never23%
Spend Time Standing
- About half the time20%
- Less than half the time75%
Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People
- Once a year or more but not every month68%
- Never18%
Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable
- Once a week or more but not every day14%
- Once a month or more but not every week18%
- Once a year or more but not every month23%
- Never45%
In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment
- Once a year or more but not every month27%
- Never50%
Spend Time Walking or Running
- About half the time14%
- Less than half the time64%
- Never23%
Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls
- Less than half the time33%
- Never52%
Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled
- Once a year or more but not every month36%
- Never50%
Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets
- Once a year or more but not every month23%
- Never59%
Exposed to Disease or Infections
- Once a year or more but not every month27%
- Never59%
Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body
- Less than half the time50%
- Never45%
Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions
- Once a year or more but not every month18%
- Never68%
Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions
- Once a year or more but not every month14%
- Never76%
Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures
- Once a year or more but not every month14%
- Never77%
Outdoors, Under Cover
- Once a year or more but not every month32%
- Never64%
Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions
- Once a year or more but not every month23%
- Never73%
Exposed to Hazardous Conditions
- Once a year or more but not every month14%
- Never82%
Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling
- Less than half the time32%
- Never68%
Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection
- Once a year or more but not every month14%
- Never77%
Exposed to Contaminants
- Once a year or more but not every month18%
- Never77%
Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings
- Never86%
Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance
- Less than half the time14%
- Never86%
Exposed to Hazardous Equipment
- Never90%
Work Schedules
- Regular (established routine, set schedule)95%
Exposed to High Places
- Never95%
Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment
- Not important at all95%
Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles
- Never95%
Exposed to Radiation
- Never100%
Exposed to Whole Body Vibration
- Never100%
In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment
- Never100%

Typical Education Levels Reported

Education levels O*NET survey respondents in this occupation most often reported having.

Bachelor’s degree
Post-baccalaureate certificate
Post-secondary certificate

Technology Skills

Specific software and technology tools commonly used on the job.

Time accounting software
ADP ezLaborManager, ADP Pay eXpert, Kronos Workforce Timekeeper, Stromberg Enterprise
Presentation software
Mentimeter, Microsoft PowerPoint
Human resources software
Human resource management software HRMS, Oracle Taleo, peoplefluent Performance, UniFocus Watson Human Resources Manager
Enterprise resource planning ERP software
Microsoft Dynamics, Oracle PeopleSoft, SAP software, Workday software
Accounting software
AccountantsWorld Payroll Relief, Intuit QuickBooks, New World Systems Logos.NET, Sage 50 Accounting
Document management software
Atlas Business Solutions Staff Files, Microsoft SharePoint Server, PDF readers, WinOcular
Web page creation and editing software
Facebook, LinkedIn, Social media sites
Spreadsheet software
IBM Lotus 1-2-3, Microsoft Excel
Electronic mail software
IBM Notes, Microsoft Outlook
Office suite software
Corel WordPerfect Office Suite, Microsoft Office software
Word processing software
Microsoft Word, Nuvosoft Rwiz
Business intelligence and data analysis software
IBM Cognos Impromptu, Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
Data base user interface and query software
Automation Centre Personnel Tracker, Microsoft Access
Computer based training software
Training software
Desktop publishing software
Microsoft Publisher
Video creation and editing software
YouTube
Financial analysis software
Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
Charting software
AASoftTech Web Organization Chart
Data base reporting software
SAP BusinessObjects Crystal Reports
Multi-media educational software
Nearpod
Analytical or scientific software
IBM SPSS Statistics
Internet browser software
Web browser software
Compliance software
Stratitec TimeIPS
Project management software
Microsoft Project
Process mapping and design software
Microsoft Visio

Professional Associations

Organizations related to this occupation, such as industry and licensing bodies.

Related Occupations

Occupations that call for similar work and worker requirements.

Detailed Work Activities

More specific, granular versions of the Work Activities above.

Liaise between departments or other groups to improve function or communication.
Manage human resources activities.
Supervise employees.
Hire personnel.
Represent the organization in external relations.
Advise others on legal or regulatory compliance matters.
Negotiate labor disputes.
Recommend organizational process or policy changes.
Conduct employee training programs.
Administer compensation or benefits programs.
Interview employees, customers, or others to collect information.
Analyze data to inform operational decisions or activities.

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Recruit personnel.
Analyze data to inform personnel decisions.
Investigate industrial or transportation accidents.
Prepare reports related to compliance matters.
Prepare operational budgets.
Compile operational data.
Maintain personnel records.
Communicate organizational policies and procedures.
Estimate labor requirements.
Maintain knowledge of current developments in area of expertise.
Coordinate special events or programs.
Administer standardized physical or psychological tests.
Perform human resources activities.
Negotiate sales or lease agreements for products or services.
Advise others on career or personal development.

This page incorporates information from O*NET Web Services by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA).

Based on federal labor and demographic data. Data source & methodology