First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers

Job Zone

Job Zone Three: Medium Preparation Needed

Most occupations in this zone require training in vocational schools, related on-the-job experience, or an associate's degree.

Job Zones group occupations into one of five categories based on the education, experience, and training typically needed to perform them.

Tasks

Specific duties and responsibilities regularly performed in this occupation.

Supervise the work of office, administrative, or customer service employees to ensure adherence to quality standards, deadlines, and proper procedures, correcting errors or problems.85
Resolve customer complaints or answer customers' questions regarding policies and procedures.84
Provide employees with guidance in handling difficult or complex problems or in resolving escalated complaints or disputes.84
Review records or reports pertaining to activities such as production, payroll, or shipping to verify details, monitor work activities, or evaluate performance.79
Discuss job performance problems with employees to identify causes and issues and to work on resolving problems.78
Prepare and issue work schedules, deadlines, and duty assignments for office or administrative staff.77
Recruit, interview, and select employees.76
Interpret and communicate work procedures and company policies to staff.76
Evaluate employees' job performance and conformance to regulations and recommend appropriate personnel action.75
Train or instruct employees in job duties or company policies or arrange for training to be provided.75
Research, compile, and prepare reports, manuals, correspondence, or other information required by management or governmental agencies.75
Develop work schedules according to budgets and workloads.75

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Implement corporate or departmental policies, procedures, and service standards in conjunction with management.74
Compute figures such as balances, totals, or commissions.74
Analyze financial activities of establishments or departments and provide input into budget planning and preparation processes.73
Coordinate activities with other supervisory personnel or with other work units or departments.72
Participate in the work of subordinates to facilitate productivity or to overcome difficult aspects of work.71
Make recommendations to management concerning such issues as staffing decisions or procedural changes.71
Develop or update procedures, policies, or standards.70
Maintain records pertaining to inventory, personnel, orders, supplies, or machine maintenance.67
Consult with managers or other personnel to resolve problems in areas such as equipment performance, output quality, or work schedules.66
Design, implement, or evaluate staff training and development programs, customer service initiatives, or performance measurement criteria.64
Keep informed of provisions of labor-management agreements and their effects on departmental operations.61
Coordinate or perform activities associated with shipping, receiving, distribution, or transportation.56
Monitor inventory levels and requisition or purchase supplies as needed.54
Plan for or coordinate office services, such as equipment or supply acquisition or organization, disposal of assets, relocation, parking, maintenance, or security services.52
Arrange for necessary maintenance or repair work.49
Plan layouts of stockrooms, warehouses, or other storage areas, considering turnover, size, weight, or related factors pertaining to items stored.35

Skills

Developed capacities that facilitate learning or the more rapid acquisition of knowledge.

Active Listening75
Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
Coordination75
Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
Monitoring75
Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
Reading Comprehension75
Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
Social Perceptiveness75
Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
Speaking75
Talking to others to convey information effectively.
Critical Thinking72
Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
Active Learning69
Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
Instructing69
Teaching others how to do something.
Judgment and Decision Making69
Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Management of Personnel Resources69
Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
Time Management69
Managing one's own time and the time of others.

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Writing69
Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
Learning Strategies66
Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
Negotiation66
Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
Persuasion66
Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
Service Orientation66
Actively looking for ways to help people.
Complex Problem Solving60
Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
Systems Evaluation53
Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
Systems Analysis50
Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
Quality Control Analysis47
Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
Management of Material Resources44
Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
Mathematics44
Using mathematics to solve problems.
Management of Financial Resources38
Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.
Operations Analysis35
Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
Operations Monitoring31
Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
Troubleshooting25
Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
Programming22
Writing computer programs for various purposes.
Technology Design13
Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
Operation and Control3
Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
Equipment Maintenance0
Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
Equipment Selection0
Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Installation0
Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
Repairing0
Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
Science0
Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.

Knowledge

Organized sets of principles and facts that apply in general domains.

Administration and Management87
Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
Customer and Personal Service81
Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
Administrative68
Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.
English Language68
Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.
Computers and Electronics57
Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
Personnel and Human Resources54
Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
Economics and Accounting53
Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.
Education and Training49
Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
Mathematics48
Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
Law and Government40
Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
Public Safety and Security39
Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
Communications and Media33
Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.

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Production and Processing33
Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
Sales and Marketing33
Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
Telecommunications31
Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.
Psychology26
Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
Engineering and Technology17
Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
Transportation17
Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
Therapy and Counseling16
Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.
Medicine and Dentistry12
Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.
Sociology and Anthropology12
Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.
Mechanical11
Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
Design10
Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.
Philosophy and Theology10
Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.
Geography9
Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
Physics9
Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.
Foreign Language8
Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
Building and Construction6
Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
Food Production4
Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.
Biology2
Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
Chemistry2
Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
Fine Arts1
Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.
History and Archeology1
Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.

Abilities

Enduring attributes of the individual that influence performance.

Oral Comprehension78
The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
Oral Expression75
The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
Written Comprehension75
The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
Speech Clarity72
The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
Speech Recognition72
The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
Written Expression72
The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
Problem Sensitivity69
The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.
Deductive Reasoning66
The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
Information Ordering66
The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
Inductive Reasoning63
The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
Near Vision63
The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
Fluency of Ideas60
The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).

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Originality60
The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
Category Flexibility56
The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
Selective Attention50
The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
Far Vision47
The ability to see details at a distance.
Time Sharing47
The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
Auditory Attention44
The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
Flexibility of Closure44
The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
Mathematical Reasoning44
The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.
Finger Dexterity41
The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
Number Facility41
The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
Perceptual Speed41
The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
Speed of Closure41
The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
Visualization41
The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
Hearing Sensitivity38
The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
Memorization38
The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
Visual Color Discrimination28
The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
Depth Perception22
The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
Multilimb Coordination19
The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
Trunk Strength16
The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.
Dynamic Strength13
The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
Extent Flexibility13
The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Manual Dexterity13
The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
Static Strength13
The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
Wrist-Finger Speed13
The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
Arm-Hand Steadiness10
The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
Gross Body Coordination10
The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
Stamina10
The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
Explosive Strength6
The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
Gross Body Equilibrium6
The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
Control Precision0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
Dynamic Flexibility0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Glare Sensitivity0
The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
Night Vision0
The ability to see under low-light conditions.
Peripheral Vision0
The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
Rate Control0
The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
Reaction Time0
The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
Response Orientation0
The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
Sound Localization0
The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
Spatial Orientation0
The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
Speed of Limb Movement0
The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.

Work Activities

General types of job behaviors occurring on multiple jobs.

Working with Computers87
Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
Getting Information82
Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates80
Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
Making Decisions and Solving Problems80
Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
Processing Information80
Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
Analyzing Data or Information75
Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
Documenting/Recording Information75
Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
Coaching and Developing Others74
Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards74
Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events74
Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others72
Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings69
Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.

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Staffing Organizational Units69
Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships68
Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates68
Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work68
Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
Developing and Building Teams67
Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People67
Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
Monitoring and Controlling Resources67
Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
Training and Teaching Others66
Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge66
Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
Communicating with People Outside the Organization65
Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others65
Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
Thinking Creatively64
Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
Developing Objectives and Strategies63
Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
Performing Administrative Activities62
Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
Providing Consultation and Advice to Others62
Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others61
Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
Scheduling Work and Activities59
Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
Assisting and Caring for Others55
Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public51
Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials50
Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information49
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
Performing General Physical Activities43
Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
Handling and Moving Objects42
Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
Selling or Influencing Others35
Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
Controlling Machines and Processes33
Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment24
Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment21
Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment19
Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment10
Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.

Work Styles

Personal characteristics that can affect how well someone performs a job.

Dependability88
A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.
Leadership Orientation84
A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
Cooperation75
A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
Social Orientation71
A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
Attention to Detail69
A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
Self-Control67
A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.
Integrity66
A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
Achievement Orientation61
A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.
Self-Confidence58
A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.
Stress Tolerance58
A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
Perseverance56
A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.
Cautiousness52
A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related decisions or doing work.

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Initiative51
A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.
Adaptability50
A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas at work.
Empathy46
A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feelings at work.
Sincerity44
A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.
Optimism42
A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even under difficult circumstances.
Tolerance for Ambiguity36
A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
Humility35
A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
Innovation29
A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on ways to accomplish work.
Intellectual Curiosity25
A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.

Interests (RIASEC)

Holland's six occupational interest types (RIASEC) this work tends to attract.

Enterprising98
Work involves managing, negotiating, marketing, or selling, typically in a business setting, or leading or advising people in political and legal situations. Enterprising occupations are often associated with business initiatives, sales, marketing/advertising, finance, management/administration, professional advising, public speaking, politics, or law.
Conventional78
Work involves following procedures and regulations to organize information or data, typically in a business setting. Conventional occupations are often associated with office work, accounting, mathematics/statistics, information technology, finance, or human resources.
Social56
Work involves helping, teaching, advising, assisting, or providing service to others. Social occupations are often associated with social, health care, personal service, teaching/education, or religious activities.
Realistic10
Work involves designing, building, or repairing of equipment, materials, or structures, engaging in physical activity, or working outdoors. Realistic occupations are often associated with engineering, mechanics and electronics, construction, woodworking, transportation, machine operation, agriculture, animal services, physical or manual labor, athletics, or protective services.
Investigative6
Work involves studying and researching non-living objects, living organisms, disease or other forms of impairment, or human behavior. Investigative occupations are often associated with physical, life, medical, or social sciences, and can be found in the fields of humanities, mathematics/statistics, information technology, or health care service.
Artistic0
Work involves creating original visual artwork, performances, written works, food, or music for a variety of media, or applying artistic principles to the design of various objects and materials. Artistic occupations are often associated with visual arts, applied arts and design, performing arts, music, creative writing, media, or culinary art.

Work Context

Physical and social factors that influence the nature of work.

Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams
- Every day96%
Telephone Conversations
- Every day98%
Contact With Others
- Constant contact with others74%
- Contact with others most of the time22%
E-Mail
- Every day89%
- Never11%
Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team
- Extremely important60%
- Very important33%
Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals
- A lot of freedom48%
- Some freedom47%
Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers
- Very high responsibility48%
- High responsibility44%
Spend Time Sitting
- Continually or almost continually61%
- More than half the time24%
- Less than half the time12%
Importance of Being Exact or Accurate
- Extremely important42%
- Very important39%
- Important18%
Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities
- Extremely important37%
- Very important36%
- Important23%
Freedom to Make Decisions
- A lot of freedom39%
- Some freedom38%
- Limited freedom14%
Time Pressure
- Every day34%
- Once a week or more but not every day37%
- Once a month or more but not every week28%

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Deal With External Customers or the Public in General
- Extremely important60%
- Very important15%
- Not important at all15%
Frequency of Decision Making
- Every day37%
- Once a week or more but not every day27%
- Once a month or more but not every week30%
Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results
- Very important results35%
- Important results33%
- Moderate results27%
Indoors, Environmentally Controlled
- Every day70%
- Never28%
Duration of Typical Work Week
- More than 40 hours39%
- 40 hours61%
Written Letters and Memos
- Every day24%
- Once a week or more but not every day33%
- Once a month or more but not every week32%
Conflict Situations
- Every day21%
- Once a week or more but not every day20%
- Once a month or more but not every week41%
- Once a year or more but not every month18%
Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People
- Once a week or more but not every day22%
- Once a month or more but not every week48%
- Once a year or more but not every month19%
Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions
- Continually or almost continually18%
- More than half the time36%
- Less than half the time18%
- Never19%
Importance of Repeating Same Tasks
- Extremely important26%
- Very important12%
- Important21%
- Fairly important26%
- Not important at all15%
Level of Competition
- Moderately competitive66%
Consequence of Error
- Very serious19%
- Serious34%
- Fairly serious29%
Physical Proximity
- Moderately close (at arm's length)17%
- Slightly close (e.g., shared office)45%
- I work with others but not closely (e.g., private office)35%
Health and Safety of Other Workers
- Very high responsibility16%
- High responsibility13%
- Moderate responsibility11%
- Limited responsibility35%
- No responsibility25%
Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable
- Every day11%
- Once a week or more but not every day12%
- Once a month or more but not every week11%
- Once a year or more but not every month35%
- Never31%
Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls
- Continually or almost continually21%
- More than half the time13%
- Less than half the time12%
- Never53%
Degree of Automation
- Highly automated22%
- Moderately automated27%
- Not at all automated40%
Spend Time Standing
- More than half the time16%
- Less than half the time51%
- Never28%
Public Speaking
- Once a week or more but not every day14%
- Once a month or more but not every week16%
- Once a year or more but not every month23%
- Never45%
Exposed to Contaminants
- Every day15%
- Never76%
Spend Time Walking or Running
- Less than half the time56%
- Never39%
Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body
- Less than half the time37%
- Never58%
Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets
- Once a year or more but not every month14%
- Never77%
Exposed to Disease or Infections
- Once a month or more but not every week12%
- Never80%
Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled
- Never83%
In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment
- Never83%
Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People
- Never86%
Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling
- Less than half the time22%
- Never78%
Exposed to High Places
- Never95%
Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures
- Never93%
Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions
- Once a year or more but not every month12%
- Never85%
Exposed to Hazardous Conditions
- Never92%
Exposed to Hazardous Equipment
- Never95%
Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings
- Never89%
Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions
- Never91%
Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions
- Never91%
Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment
- Not important at all95%
Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance
- Never92%
Outdoors, Under Cover
- Never93%
Work Schedules
- Regular (established routine, set schedule)97%
Exposed to Whole Body Vibration
- Never99%
Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles
- Never95%
Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection
- Never98%
Exposed to Radiation
- Never100%
In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment
- Never99%

Typical Education Levels Reported

Education levels O*NET survey respondents in this occupation most often reported having.

Bachelor’s degree
High school diploma or equivalent
Some college, no degree

Technology Skills

Specific software and technology tools commonly used on the job.

Enterprise resource planning ERP software
Microsoft Dynamics, Oracle Fusion Applications, Oracle PeopleSoft, SAP software
Data base user interface and query software
Blackboard software, Microsoft Access, Oracle Database, Yardi software
Accounting software
Fund accounting software, Intuit QuickBooks, Quicken, Sage 50 Accounting
Medical software
Henry Schein Dentrix, Medical condition coding software, Medical procedure coding software, MEDITECH software
Project management software
Contract management software, HCSS HeavyJob, Microsoft Project, Microsoft Teams
Business intelligence and data analysis software
IBM Cognos Impromptu, MicroStrategy, Qlik Tech QlikView, Tableau
Electronic mail software
IBM Notes, Microsoft Exchange, Microsoft Outlook
Document management software
Adobe Acrobat, Document management system software, Microsoft SharePoint
Video creation and editing software
Loom, Screencastify, YouTube
Customer relationship management CRM software
Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge, Oracle Eloqua, Salesforce software
Cloud-based data access and sharing software
Dropbox, Google Drive, Slack
Operating system software
Apple macOS, Handheld computer device software, Microsoft Windows
Word processing software
Evernote, Google Docs, Microsoft Word
Human resources software
ADP Workforce Now, Human resource management software HRMS, Oracle Taleo
Internet browser software
Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Web browser software
Graphics or photo imaging software
JamBoard, SmugMug Flickr
Financial analysis software
Delphi Technology, Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
Analytical or scientific software
IBM SPSS Statistics, Minitab
Web page creation and editing software
Facebook, Social media sites
Spreadsheet software
Microsoft Excel
Access software
Citrix cloud computing software
Computer based training software
Padlet
Video conferencing software
LogMeIn GoToMeeting
Communications server software
IBM Domino
Desktop publishing software
Microsoft Publisher
Office suite software
Microsoft Office software
Instant messaging software
GroupMe
Transaction security and virus protection software
NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
Data base reporting software
SAP Crystal Reports
Multi-media educational software
Nearpod
Time accounting software
Payroll software
Presentation software
Microsoft PowerPoint
Calendar and scheduling software
Work scheduling software
Process mapping and design software
Microsoft Visio
Information retrieval or search software
LexisNexis

Professional Associations

Organizations related to this occupation, such as industry and licensing bodies.

Related Occupations

Occupations that call for similar work and worker requirements.

Detailed Work Activities

More specific, granular versions of the Work Activities above.

Supervise clerical or administrative personnel.
Explain regulations, policies, or procedures.
Train personnel.
Respond to customer problems or complaints.
Examine documents to verify adherence to requirements.
Prepare employee work schedules.
Administer personnel recruitment or hiring activities.
Compile data or documentation.
Prepare research or technical reports.
Develop organizational policies or programs.
Calculate financial data.
Analyze financial information.

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Coordinate operational activities.
Perform administrative or clerical tasks.
Provide information to coworkers.
Maintain inventory records.
Record personnel information.
Confer with coworkers to coordinate work activities.
Maintain current knowledge related to work activities.
Monitor inventories of products or materials.
Report maintenance or equipment problems to appropriate personnel.
Plan facility layouts or designs.

This page incorporates information from O*NET Web Services by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA).

Based on federal labor and demographic data. Data source & methodology