Editors

Job Zone

Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed

Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.

Job Zones group occupations into one of five categories based on the education, experience, and training typically needed to perform them.

Tasks

Specific duties and responsibilities regularly performed in this occupation.

Verify facts, dates, and statistics, using standard reference sources.92
Write text, such as headlines, stories, articles, editorials, or newsletters.90
Read copy or proof to detect and correct errors in spelling, punctuation, and syntax.90
Prepare, rewrite and edit copy to improve readability, or supervise others who do this work.89
Develop story or content ideas, considering reader or audience appeal.89
Allocate print space for story text, photos, and illustrations according to space parameters and copy significance, using knowledge of layout principles.84
Confer with management and editorial staff members regarding placement and emphasis of developing news stories.82
Oversee publication production, including artwork, layout, computer typesetting, and printing, ensuring adherence to deadlines and budget requirements.82
Supervise and coordinate work of reporters and other editors.79
Assign topics, events and stories to individual writers or reporters for coverage.79
Monitor news-gathering operations to ensure utilization of all news sources, such as press releases, telephone contacts, radio, television, wire services, and other reporters.78
Review and approve proofs submitted by composing room prior to publication production.78

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Respond to questions from the public.78
Plan the contents of publications according to the publication's style, editorial policy, and publishing requirements.77
Read, evaluate and edit manuscripts or other materials submitted for publication, and confer with authors regarding changes in content, style or organization, or publication.74
Select local, state, national, and international news items received from wire services, based on assessment of items' significance and interest value.74
Direct the policies and departments of newspapers, magazines and other publishing establishments.69
Read material to determine index items and arrange them alphabetically or topically, indicating page or chapter location.66
Meet frequently with artists, typesetters, layout personnel, marketing directors, and production managers to discuss projects and resolve problems.64
Interview and hire writers and reporters or negotiate contracts, royalties, and payments for authors or freelancers.62
Make manuscript acceptance or revision recommendations to the publisher.59
Arrange for copyright permissions.56

Skills

Developed capacities that facilitate learning or the more rapid acquisition of knowledge.

Reading Comprehension100
Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
Writing85
Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
Active Listening75
Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
Speaking75
Talking to others to convey information effectively.
Critical Thinking72
Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
Time Management60
Managing one's own time and the time of others.
Active Learning56
Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
Complex Problem Solving56
Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
Judgment and Decision Making56
Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Monitoring56
Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
Management of Personnel Resources53
Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
Negotiation53
Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.

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Social Perceptiveness53
Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
Coordination50
Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
Instructing50
Teaching others how to do something.
Learning Strategies50
Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
Persuasion50
Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
Quality Control Analysis50
Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
Systems Analysis50
Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
Service Orientation47
Actively looking for ways to help people.
Systems Evaluation41
Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
Management of Financial Resources28
Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.
Mathematics28
Using mathematics to solve problems.
Operations Analysis28
Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
Operations Monitoring25
Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
Programming19
Writing computer programs for various purposes.
Technology Design19
Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
Management of Material Resources16
Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
Equipment Maintenance0
Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
Equipment Selection0
Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Installation0
Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
Operation and Control0
Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
Repairing0
Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
Science0
Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
Troubleshooting0
Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.

Knowledge

Organized sets of principles and facts that apply in general domains.

Communications and Media95
Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
English Language95
Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.
Customer and Personal Service73
Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
Design69
Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.
Administration and Management66
Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
Computers and Electronics58
Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
Law and Government57
Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
Personnel and Human Resources54
Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
Education and Training48
Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
Geography48
Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
Administrative47
Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.
History and Archeology41
Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.

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Production and Processing41
Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
Public Safety and Security39
Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
Telecommunications39
Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.
Sales and Marketing37
Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
Economics and Accounting36
Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.
Mathematics35
Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
Fine Arts27
Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.
Sociology and Anthropology26
Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.
Psychology21
Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
Transportation21
Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
Philosophy and Theology18
Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.
Foreign Language15
Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
Medicine and Dentistry15
Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.
Biology14
Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
Therapy and Counseling13
Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.
Engineering and Technology9
Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
Chemistry5
Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
Physics4
Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.
Building and Construction3
Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
Mechanical3
Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
Food Production2
Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.

Abilities

Enduring attributes of the individual that influence performance.

Written Comprehension100
The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
Written Expression100
The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
Oral Comprehension75
The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
Oral Expression75
The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
Fluency of Ideas72
The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).
Near Vision72
The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
Speech Clarity72
The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
Category Flexibility69
The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
Originality69
The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
Speech Recognition69
The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
Deductive Reasoning66
The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
Information Ordering60
The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).

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Inductive Reasoning56
The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
Problem Sensitivity56
The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.
Selective Attention53
The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
Flexibility of Closure50
The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
Far Vision47
The ability to see details at a distance.
Speed of Closure47
The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
Visualization47
The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
Perceptual Speed44
The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
Time Sharing44
The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
Visual Color Discrimination44
The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
Memorization41
The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
Finger Dexterity35
The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
Mathematical Reasoning28
The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.
Number Facility28
The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
Arm-Hand Steadiness25
The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
Auditory Attention25
The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
Hearing Sensitivity25
The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
Manual Dexterity25
The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
Trunk Strength25
The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.
Wrist-Finger Speed25
The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
Control Precision22
The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
Depth Perception10
The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
Dynamic Strength10
The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
Dynamic Flexibility0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Explosive Strength0
The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
Extent Flexibility0
The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Glare Sensitivity0
The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
Gross Body Coordination0
The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
Gross Body Equilibrium0
The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
Multilimb Coordination0
The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
Night Vision0
The ability to see under low-light conditions.
Peripheral Vision0
The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
Rate Control0
The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
Reaction Time0
The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
Response Orientation0
The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
Sound Localization0
The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
Spatial Orientation0
The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
Speed of Limb Movement0
The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
Stamina0
The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
Static Strength0
The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.

Work Activities

General types of job behaviors occurring on multiple jobs.

Getting Information96
Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
Communicating with People Outside the Organization95
Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships95
Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work93
Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others92
Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
Documenting/Recording Information91
Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events90
Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
Thinking Creatively90
Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates89
Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public88
Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
Working with Computers87
Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge86
Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.

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Analyzing Data or Information82
Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
Processing Information82
Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
Making Decisions and Solving Problems79
Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
Scheduling Work and Activities79
Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others76
Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People76
Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
Developing and Building Teams71
Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others71
Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
Developing Objectives and Strategies67
Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings66
Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
Coaching and Developing Others65
Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates64
Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
Providing Consultation and Advice to Others59
Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
Training and Teaching Others57
Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards53
Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
Performing Administrative Activities53
Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
Selling or Influencing Others48
Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
Staffing Organizational Units46
Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information44
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
Monitoring and Controlling Resources44
Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
Assisting and Caring for Others41
Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
Controlling Machines and Processes36
Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment32
Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment25
Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
Performing General Physical Activities25
Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment24
Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials24
Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
Handling and Moving Objects19
Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment14
Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.

Work Styles

Personal characteristics that can affect how well someone performs a job.

Attention to Detail100
A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
Dependability88
A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.
Intellectual Curiosity71
A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.
Leadership Orientation71
A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
Achievement Orientation67
A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.
Integrity63
A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
Innovation62
A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on ways to accomplish work.
Initiative61
A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.
Self-Confidence60
A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.
Stress Tolerance60
A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
Adaptability54
A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas at work.
Cautiousness54
A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related decisions or doing work.

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Cooperation54
A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
Perseverance52
A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.
Self-Control48
A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.
Social Orientation46
A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
Tolerance for Ambiguity46
A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
Sincerity30
A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.
Empathy27
A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feelings at work.
Optimism24
A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even under difficult circumstances.
Humility7
A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.

Interests (RIASEC)

Holland's six occupational interest types (RIASEC) this work tends to attract.

Artistic73
Work involves creating original visual artwork, performances, written works, food, or music for a variety of media, or applying artistic principles to the design of various objects and materials. Artistic occupations are often associated with visual arts, applied arts and design, performing arts, music, creative writing, media, or culinary art.
Conventional61
Work involves following procedures and regulations to organize information or data, typically in a business setting. Conventional occupations are often associated with office work, accounting, mathematics/statistics, information technology, finance, or human resources.
Enterprising52
Work involves managing, negotiating, marketing, or selling, typically in a business setting, or leading or advising people in political and legal situations. Enterprising occupations are often associated with business initiatives, sales, marketing/advertising, finance, management/administration, professional advising, public speaking, politics, or law.
Investigative32
Work involves studying and researching non-living objects, living organisms, disease or other forms of impairment, or human behavior. Investigative occupations are often associated with physical, life, medical, or social sciences, and can be found in the fields of humanities, mathematics/statistics, information technology, or health care service.
Social26
Work involves helping, teaching, advising, assisting, or providing service to others. Social occupations are often associated with social, health care, personal service, teaching/education, or religious activities.
Realistic1
Work involves designing, building, or repairing of equipment, materials, or structures, engaging in physical activity, or working outdoors. Realistic occupations are often associated with engineering, mechanics and electronics, construction, woodworking, transportation, machine operation, agriculture, animal services, physical or manual labor, athletics, or protective services.

Work Context

Physical and social factors that influence the nature of work.

E-Mail
- Every day90%
Freedom to Make Decisions
- A lot of freedom74%
- Some freedom26%
Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals
- A lot of freedom65%
- Some freedom35%
Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team
- Extremely important68%
- Very important21%
Importance of Being Exact or Accurate
- Extremely important67%
- Very important23%
Telephone Conversations
- Every day68%
- Once a week or more but not every day22%
Contact With Others
- Constant contact with others68%
- Occasional contact with others12%
Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams
- Every day67%
- Once a week or more but not every day12%
- Once a year or more but not every month11%
Time Pressure
- Every day57%
- Once a week or more but not every day28%
Indoors, Environmentally Controlled
- Every day73%
- Never21%
Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers
- Very high responsibility52%
- High responsibility20%
- Limited responsibility17%
Spend Time Sitting
- Continually or almost continually38%
- More than half the time29%
- About half the time33%

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Frequency of Decision Making
- Every day51%
- Once a week or more but not every day15%
- Once a year or more but not every month28%
Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results
- Very important results28%
- Important results41%
- Moderate results21%
Written Letters and Memos
- Every day27%
- Once a week or more but not every day41%
- Once a month or more but not every week15%
- Once a year or more but not every month17%
Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities
- Extremely important26%
- Very important42%
- Important14%
Duration of Typical Work Week
- More than 40 hours47%
- 40 hours32%
- Less than 40 hours21%
Importance of Repeating Same Tasks
- Extremely important36%
- Very important12%
- Important16%
- Fairly important22%
- Not important at all14%
Deal With External Customers or the Public in General
- Extremely important38%
- Very important16%
- Fairly important31%
- Not important at all14%
Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions
- Continually or almost continually29%
- Less than half the time45%
- Never11%
Conflict Situations
- Once a week or more but not every day32%
- Once a month or more but not every week26%
- Once a year or more but not every month42%
Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People
- Once a week or more but not every day25%
- Once a month or more but not every week22%
- Once a year or more but not every month47%
Health and Safety of Other Workers
- Very high responsibility17%
- High responsibility11%
- Moderate responsibility26%
- Limited responsibility32%
- No responsibility14%
Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls
- Continually or almost continually18%
- More than half the time19%
- About half the time11%
- Less than half the time25%
- Never26%
Level of Competition
- Moderately competitive56%
- Slightly competitive21%
- Not at all competitive11%
Physical Proximity
- Moderately close (at arm's length)16%
- Slightly close (e.g., shared office)43%
- I work with others but not closely (e.g., private office)25%
- I don't work near other people (beyond 100 ft.)15%
Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions
- Once a week or more but not every day28%
- Once a month or more but not every week21%
- Never44%
Consequence of Error
- Serious34%
- Fairly serious45%
- Not serious at all19%
Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable
- Once a week or more but not every day22%
- Once a year or more but not every month11%
- Never57%
Spend Time Standing
- About half the time17%
- Less than half the time78%
In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment
- Every day16%
- Once a month or more but not every week13%
- Never69%
Work Schedules
- Irregular (changes with weather conditions, production demands, or contract duration)43%
- Regular (established routine, set schedule)57%
Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled
- Once a week or more but not every day16%
- Never69%
Spend Time Walking or Running
- About half the time21%
- Less than half the time44%
- Never36%
Outdoors, Under Cover
- Once a month or more but not every week11%
- Once a year or more but not every month28%
- Never52%
Degree of Automation
- Highly automated20%
- Not at all automated69%
Public Speaking
- Once a month or more but not every week11%
- Once a year or more but not every month20%
- Never59%
Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures
- Once a week or more but not every day18%
- Never68%
Exposed to Contaminants
- Once a year or more but not every month35%
- Never61%
Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People
- Once a year or more but not every month24%
- Never76%
Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions
- Never88%
Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings
- Once a year or more but not every month17%
- Never83%
Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment
- Not important at all96%
Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling
- Less than half the time15%
- Never85%
Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body
- Never90%
Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection
- Never94%
Exposed to Disease or Infections
- Never94%
Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions
- Never95%
Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance
- Never96%
Exposed to Hazardous Conditions
- Never100%
Exposed to Hazardous Equipment
- Never99%
Exposed to High Places
- Never99%
Exposed to Radiation
- Never100%
Exposed to Whole Body Vibration
- Never100%
In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment
- Never100%
Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles
- Never100%
Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets
- Never100%

Typical Education Levels Reported

Education levels O*NET survey respondents in this occupation most often reported having.

Bachelor’s degree
Some college, no degree
Associate’s degree or other 2-year degree

Technology Skills

Specific software and technology tools commonly used on the job.

Word processing software
AutoCrit Editing Wizard, Google Docs, Microsoft Word, Orpheus Technology Pro Writing Aid
Web page creation and editing software
Adobe Dreamweaver, CCI NewsGate, Facebook, WordPress
Desktop publishing software
Adobe FrameMaker, Adobe InDesign, Microsoft Publisher, QuarkXPress
Video creation and editing software
Adobe After Effects, Apple Final Cut Pro, Avid Technology Media Composer, YouTube
Web platform development software
Cascading style sheets CSS, Drupal, Extensible hypertext markup language XHTML, Hypertext markup language HTML
Graphics or photo imaging software
Adobe Creative Cloud software, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop
Document management software
Adobe Acrobat, Microsoft SharePoint
Computer based training software
Adobe Captivate, InScribe
Presentation software
Apple iWork Keynote, Microsoft PowerPoint
Data base user interface and query software
FileMaker Pro, Style guide databases
Spreadsheet software
Microsoft Excel
Electronic mail software
Microsoft Outlook
Video conferencing software
Polycom RealPresence
Enterprise application integration software
Extensible markup language XML
Office suite software
Microsoft Office software
Cloud-based data access and sharing software
Google Drive
Operating system software
Apple macOS
Instant messaging software
Twitter
Internet browser software
Web browser software
Internet protocol IP multimedia subsystem software
File transfer protocol FTP software
Data mining software
Google Analytics
Project management software
Microsoft Project
Process mapping and design software
Microsoft Visio
Information retrieval or search software
LexisNexis

Professional Associations

Organizations related to this occupation, such as industry and licensing bodies.

Related Occupations

Detailed Work Activities

More specific, granular versions of the Work Activities above.

Verify accuracy of data.
Edit written materials.
Write articles, books or other original materials in area of expertise.
Write informational material.
Write material for artistic or entertainment purposes.
Determine presentation subjects or content.
Design layouts for print publications.
Discuss production content and progress with others.
Coordinate activities of production personnel.
Confer with coworkers to coordinate work activities.
Coordinate reporting or editing activities.
Supervise employees.

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Answer customer questions about goods or services.
Correspond with customers to answer questions or resolve complaints.
Manage content of broadcasts or presentations.
Respond to customer inquiries.
Manage operations of artistic or entertainment departments or organizations.
Audition or interview potential performers or staff members.
Negotiate for services.
Select staff, team members, or performers.
Obtain copyrights or other legal permissions.

This page incorporates information from O*NET Web Services by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA).

Based on federal labor and demographic data. Data source & methodology