Computer and Information Systems Managers

Job Zone

Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed

Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.

Job Zones group occupations into one of five categories based on the education, experience, and training typically needed to perform them.

Tasks

Specific duties and responsibilities regularly performed in this occupation.

Manage backup, security and user help systems.80
Direct daily operations of department, analyzing workflow, establishing priorities, developing standards and setting deadlines.78
Meet with department heads, managers, supervisors, vendors, and others, to solicit cooperation and resolve problems.78
Review project plans to plan and coordinate project activity.77
Assign and review the work of systems analysts, programmers, and other computer-related workers.76
Provide users with technical support for computer problems.75
Develop computer information resources, providing for data security and control, strategic computing, and disaster recovery.74
Recruit, hire, train and supervise staff, or participate in staffing decisions.72
Stay abreast of advances in technology.72
Consult with users, management, vendors, and technicians to assess computing needs and system requirements.71
Develop and interpret organizational goals, policies, and procedures.68
Evaluate the organization's technology use and needs and recommend improvements, such as hardware and software upgrades.68

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Review and approve all systems charts and programs prior to their implementation.67
Prepare and review operational reports or project progress reports.66
Evaluate data processing proposals to assess project feasibility and requirements.65
Control operational budget and expenditures.63
Purchase necessary equipment.60

Skills

Developed capacities that facilitate learning or the more rapid acquisition of knowledge.

Critical Thinking78
Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
Active Listening75
Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
Reading Comprehension75
Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
Judgment and Decision Making72
Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Monitoring72
Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
Speaking72
Talking to others to convey information effectively.
Complex Problem Solving69
Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
Coordination69
Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
Writing69
Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
Management of Personnel Resources66
Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
Social Perceptiveness66
Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
Systems Analysis66
Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.

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Systems Evaluation66
Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
Active Learning60
Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
Time Management60
Managing one's own time and the time of others.
Learning Strategies56
Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
Instructing53
Teaching others how to do something.
Mathematics53
Using mathematics to solve problems.
Operations Analysis53
Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
Persuasion53
Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
Management of Financial Resources50
Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.
Negotiation50
Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
Operations Monitoring47
Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
Service Orientation47
Actively looking for ways to help people.
Management of Material Resources44
Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
Programming44
Writing computer programs for various purposes.
Quality Control Analysis44
Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
Technology Design38
Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
Troubleshooting38
Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
Operation and Control25
Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
Equipment Selection22
Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Science19
Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
Repairing13
Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
Equipment Maintenance10
Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
Installation0
Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.

Knowledge

Organized sets of principles and facts that apply in general domains.

Computers and Electronics94
Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
Customer and Personal Service76
Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
Administration and Management68
Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
Engineering and Technology63
Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
English Language62
Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.
Personnel and Human Resources61
Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
Mathematics54
Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
Education and Training51
Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
Telecommunications41
Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.
Design40
Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.
Administrative37
Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.
Geography31
Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.

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Psychology31
Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
Communications and Media29
Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
Economics and Accounting29
Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.
Law and Government28
Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
Public Safety and Security24
Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
Sales and Marketing23
Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
Sociology and Anthropology23
Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.
Production and Processing20
Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
Physics15
Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.
Fine Arts11
Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.
Therapy and Counseling11
Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.
Mechanical10
Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
Foreign Language7
Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
Building and Construction6
Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
Chemistry6
Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
Philosophy and Theology6
Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.
Transportation5
Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
History and Archeology1
Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.
Medicine and Dentistry1
Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.
Biology0
Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
Food Production0
Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.

Abilities

Enduring attributes of the individual that influence performance.

Deductive Reasoning75
The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
Inductive Reasoning75
The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
Oral Comprehension75
The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
Oral Expression75
The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
Problem Sensitivity75
The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.
Written Comprehension75
The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
Information Ordering69
The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
Near Vision69
The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
Written Expression69
The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
Speech Clarity66
The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
Fluency of Ideas60
The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).
Speech Recognition60
The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.

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Category Flexibility56
The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
Originality56
The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
Number Facility53
The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
Flexibility of Closure50
The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
Mathematical Reasoning50
The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.
Visualization50
The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
Selective Attention47
The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
Far Vision44
The ability to see details at a distance.
Perceptual Speed44
The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
Speed of Closure44
The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
Memorization41
The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
Time Sharing41
The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
Visual Color Discrimination35
The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
Arm-Hand Steadiness31
The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
Finger Dexterity28
The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
Manual Dexterity28
The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
Auditory Attention25
The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
Control Precision25
The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
Wrist-Finger Speed25
The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
Depth Perception19
The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
Hearing Sensitivity19
The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
Trunk Strength19
The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.
Dynamic Strength13
The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
Multilimb Coordination10
The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
Rate Control6
The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
Reaction Time6
The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
Response Orientation6
The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
Glare Sensitivity3
The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
Spatial Orientation3
The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
Dynamic Flexibility0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Explosive Strength0
The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
Extent Flexibility0
The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Gross Body Coordination0
The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
Gross Body Equilibrium0
The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
Night Vision0
The ability to see under low-light conditions.
Peripheral Vision0
The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
Sound Localization0
The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
Speed of Limb Movement0
The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
Stamina0
The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
Static Strength0
The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.

Work Activities

General types of job behaviors occurring on multiple jobs.

Working with Computers98
Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
Making Decisions and Solving Problems88
Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
Getting Information86
Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates84
Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events83
Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work83
Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
Analyzing Data or Information81
Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
Developing and Building Teams78
Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
Developing Objectives and Strategies75
Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates75
Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
Processing Information74
Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others73
Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.

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Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships73
Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People72
Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge72
Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings70
Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
Coaching and Developing Others69
Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards68
Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
Scheduling Work and Activities68
Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information66
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
Monitoring and Controlling Resources65
Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
Staffing Organizational Units65
Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
Thinking Creatively65
Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others64
Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others63
Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
Providing Consultation and Advice to Others61
Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
Documenting/Recording Information59
Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
Training and Teaching Others55
Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
Performing Administrative Activities54
Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
Communicating with People Outside the Organization53
Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
Selling or Influencing Others53
Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials49
Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
Assisting and Caring for Others35
Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
Controlling Machines and Processes25
Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment25
Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.
Performing General Physical Activities25
Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment25
Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public20
Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
Handling and Moving Objects16
Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment16
Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment12
Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.

Work Styles

Personal characteristics that can affect how well someone performs a job.

Dependability88
A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.
Leadership Orientation81
A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
Attention to Detail79
A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
Integrity79
A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
Innovation78
A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on ways to accomplish work.
Intellectual Curiosity76
A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.
Achievement Orientation75
A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.
Adaptability74
A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas at work.
Initiative68
A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.
Cooperation64
A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
Cautiousness61
A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related decisions or doing work.
Stress Tolerance60
A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.

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Perseverance59
A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.
Self-Confidence58
A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.
Self-Control57
A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.
Tolerance for Ambiguity57
A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
Social Orientation55
A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
Sincerity32
A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.
Empathy27
A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feelings at work.
Optimism22
A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even under difficult circumstances.
Humility17
A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.

Interests (RIASEC)

Holland's six occupational interest types (RIASEC) this work tends to attract.

Conventional82
Work involves following procedures and regulations to organize information or data, typically in a business setting. Conventional occupations are often associated with office work, accounting, mathematics/statistics, information technology, finance, or human resources.
Enterprising68
Work involves managing, negotiating, marketing, or selling, typically in a business setting, or leading or advising people in political and legal situations. Enterprising occupations are often associated with business initiatives, sales, marketing/advertising, finance, management/administration, professional advising, public speaking, politics, or law.
Investigative58
Work involves studying and researching non-living objects, living organisms, disease or other forms of impairment, or human behavior. Investigative occupations are often associated with physical, life, medical, or social sciences, and can be found in the fields of humanities, mathematics/statistics, information technology, or health care service.
Realistic28
Work involves designing, building, or repairing of equipment, materials, or structures, engaging in physical activity, or working outdoors. Realistic occupations are often associated with engineering, mechanics and electronics, construction, woodworking, transportation, machine operation, agriculture, animal services, physical or manual labor, athletics, or protective services.
Social23
Work involves helping, teaching, advising, assisting, or providing service to others. Social occupations are often associated with social, health care, personal service, teaching/education, or religious activities.
Artistic8
Work involves creating original visual artwork, performances, written works, food, or music for a variety of media, or applying artistic principles to the design of various objects and materials. Artistic occupations are often associated with visual arts, applied arts and design, performing arts, music, creative writing, media, or culinary art.

Work Context

Physical and social factors that influence the nature of work.

E-Mail
- Every day100%
Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals
- A lot of freedom83%
Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team
- Extremely important78%
- Very important19%
Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams
- Every day63%
- Once a week or more but not every day37%
Contact With Others
- Constant contact with others58%
- Contact with others most of the time42%
Spend Time Sitting
- Continually or almost continually59%
- More than half the time40%
Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities
- Extremely important64%
- Very important29%
Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers
- Very high responsibility70%
- High responsibility20%
Telephone Conversations
- Every day48%
- Once a week or more but not every day52%
Freedom to Make Decisions
- A lot of freedom54%
- Some freedom37%
Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results
- Very important results46%
- Important results44%
Duration of Typical Work Week
- More than 40 hours65%
- 40 hours33%

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Importance of Being Exact or Accurate
- Extremely important39%
- Very important33%
- Important22%
Frequency of Decision Making
- Every day45%
- Once a week or more but not every day15%
Importance of Repeating Same Tasks
- Extremely important43%
- Very important18%
- Important27%
Indoors, Environmentally Controlled
- Every day66%
Consequence of Error
- Extremely serious38%
Level of Competition
- Highly competitive37%
- Moderately competitive22%
- Slightly competitive14%
Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions
- Continually or almost continually41%
- More than half the time19%
- Less than half the time32%
Time Pressure
- Once a week or more but not every day43%
- Once a month or more but not every week25%
Conflict Situations
- Once a week or more but not every day47%
- Once a month or more but not every week39%
- Once a year or more but not every month12%
Deal With External Customers or the Public in General
- Extremely important17%
- Important40%
- Fairly important33%
Written Letters and Memos
- Every day26%
- Once a week or more but not every day13%
- Once a month or more but not every week11%
- Once a year or more but not every month36%
- Never14%
Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People
- Once a week or more but not every day44%
- Once a year or more but not every month52%
Health and Safety of Other Workers
- High responsibility30%
- Moderate responsibility27%
- Limited responsibility40%
Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls
- Continually or almost continually34%
- About half the time15%
- Less than half the time19%
- Never29%
Physical Proximity
- Moderately close (at arm's length)21%
- I work with others but not closely (e.g., private office)65%
Degree of Automation
- Highly automated33%
- Moderately automated24%
- Not at all automated34%
Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable
- Once a week or more but not every day28%
- Once a year or more but not every month17%
- Never46%
Public Speaking
- Once a month or more but not every week13%
- Once a year or more but not every month63%
- Never17%
Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled
Spend Time Walking or Running
Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions
- Once a year or more but not every month25%
- Never64%
Spend Time Standing
- Less than half the time54%
Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets
- Once a week or more but not every day13%
- Once a year or more but not every month12%
- Never75%
Exposed to Contaminants
- Once a year or more but not every month11%
- Never73%
Work Schedules
- Irregular (changes with weather conditions, production demands, or contract duration)23%
- Regular (established routine, set schedule)77%
Exposed to Hazardous Conditions
- Once a year or more but not every month19%
- Never73%
Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions
- Once a year or more but not every month23%
- Never74%
Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings
- Once a year or more but not every month32%
- Never68%
Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling
- Less than half the time32%
- Never68%
Exposed to High Places
- Once a year or more but not every month11%
- Never81%
In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment
- Once a year or more but not every month15%
- Never79%
Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment
- Fairly important17%
- Not important at all78%
Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body
- Less than half the time26%
- Never74%
Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures
- Once a year or more but not every month14%
- Never82%
Exposed to Hazardous Equipment
- Once a year or more but not every month15%
- Never85%
Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions
- Once a year or more but not every month17%
- Never83%
Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles
- Less than half the time15%
- Never85%
Outdoors, Under Cover
- Once a year or more but not every month13%
- Never87%
Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance
- Less than half the time11%
- Never89%
Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People
- Never91%
In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment
- Never91%
Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection
- Never94%
Exposed to Disease or Infections
- Never96%
Exposed to Radiation
- Never98%
Exposed to Whole Body Vibration
- Never100%

Typical Education Levels Reported

Education levels O*NET survey respondents in this occupation most often reported having.

Bachelor’s degree
Some college, no degree
Master’s degree

Technology Skills

Specific software and technology tools commonly used on the job.

Web platform development software
Apache Tomcat, Node.js, PHP, Spring Framework
Data base user interface and query software
Amazon Web Services AWS software, Blackboard software, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL
Enterprise resource planning ERP software
Microsoft Dynamics, Microsoft Dynamics NAV, Oracle PeopleSoft, SAP software
Development environment software
Apache Maven, Eclipse IDE, Microsoft .NET Framework, Microsoft Visual Studio
Data base management system software
Apache Cassandra, MongoDB, NoSQL, Oracle PL/SQL
Object or component oriented development software
C#, Microsoft SQL Server Reporting Services SSRS, Oracle Java, Perl
Operating system software
Apple macOS, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Shell script, UNIX
Customer relationship management CRM software
ACT! Premium, Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge, Oracle Eloqua, Performance Solutions Technology ManagePro
Application server software
Microsoft Windows Server, Oracle WebLogic Server, Progress OpenEdge Application Server, Red Hat WildFly
Enterprise application integration software
Extensible markup language XML, IBM InfoSphere DataStage, Oracle Fusion Middleware, Progress Sonic ESB
Business intelligence and data analysis software
IBM Cognos Impromptu, Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition, Qlik Tech QlikView, Tableau
Filesystem software
File transfer protocol FTP software, Samba, Symantec Veritas File System, Symantec Veritas Volume Manager
Electronic mail software
Microsoft Exchange, Microsoft Outlook, Pegasus software, QUALCOMM Eudora
Analytical or scientific software
IBM SPSS Statistics, SAS, StataCorp Stata, The MathWorks MATLAB
Spreadsheet software
Apple iWork Numbers, Microsoft Excel
Configuration management software
Perforce Helix software, Puppet
Network monitoring software
Dartware InterMapper, Nagios
Access software
Citrix cloud computing software, Mac HelpMate
Object oriented data base management software
Microsoft Visual FoxPro, PostgreSQL
Network connectivity terminal emulation software
Telnet programs software, Zephyr EXTRA! Terminal Emulation
Document management software
Microsoft SharePoint, Microsoft SharePoint Server
Portal server software
Apache HTTP Server, Oracle iPlanet Web Server
Video creation and editing software
Apple Final Cut Pro, Apple iMovie
Office suite software
Corel WordPerfect Office Suite, Microsoft Office software
Word processing software
Apple iWork Pages, Microsoft Word
Network security and virtual private network VPN equipment software
Firewall software, Virtual private networking VPN software
Transaction security and virus protection software
McAfee, NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
Internet browser software
Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator
Presentation software
Apple iWork Keynote, Microsoft PowerPoint
Cloud-based management software
IBM WebSphere, Splunk Enterprise
Project management software
Microsoft Project, Oracle Primavera Systems
Metadata management software
Quest Erwin Data Modeler
Wireless software
Mobile wireless network infrastructure software
Content workflow software
Atlassian JIRA
Helpdesk or call center software
Help desk software
Accounting software
Tax software
Enterprise system management software
IBM Power Systems software
Clustering software
VMware
Communications server software
IBM Domino
Desktop publishing software
Adobe Distiller
Transaction server software
Customer information control system CICS
Cloud-based data access and sharing software
Software as a service SaaS
Graphical user interface development software
TKSoftware RCM software
Financial analysis software
Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
Data base reporting software
SAP Crystal Reports
Human resources software
Human resource management software HRMS
LAN software
Local area network LAN software
Backup or archival software
Veritas NetBackup
Platform interconnectivity software
IBM iSeries Access
Cloud-based protection or security software
SolarWinds
Compliance software
Pilgrim Quality Solutions SmartSolve
Web page creation and editing software
Microsoft FrontPage
Data mining software
Google Analytics
Requirements analysis and system architecture software
Unified modeling language UML
Billing and invoicing software
Billing software
Software defined networking/ virtualization software
Cisco Systems WAN Manager
Calendar and scheduling software
Microsoft Entourage
Process mapping and design software
Microsoft Visio

Professional Associations

Organizations related to this occupation, such as industry and licensing bodies.

Related Occupations

Occupations that call for similar work and worker requirements.

Detailed Work Activities

More specific, granular versions of the Work Activities above.

Develop computer or information systems.
Coordinate operational activities with external stakeholders.
Develop organizational goals or objectives.
Analyze data to inform operational decisions or activities.
Confer with organizational members to accomplish work activities.
Direct organizational operations, projects, or services.
Resolve employee or contractor problems.
Manage operations, research, or logistics projects.
Evaluate employee performance.
Advise customers on technical or procedural issues.
Conduct employee training programs.
Hire personnel.

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Maintain knowledge of current developments in area of expertise.
Recruit personnel.
Determine resource needs.
Develop operating strategies, plans, or procedures.
Develop organizational policies or programs.
Recommend organizational process or policy changes.
Evaluate project designs to determine adequacy or feasibility.
Review technical documents to plan work.
Prepare operational progress or status reports.
Analyze data to determine project feasibility.
Manage organizational or project budgets.
Purchase materials, equipment, or other resources.

This page incorporates information from O*NET Web Services by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA).

Based on federal labor and demographic data. Data source & methodology