Compensation and benefits managers

Job Zone

Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed

Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.

Job Zones group occupations into one of five categories based on the education, experience, and training typically needed to perform them.

Tasks

Specific duties and responsibilities regularly performed in this occupation.

Direct preparation and distribution of written and verbal information to inform employees of benefits, compensation, and personnel policies.93
Design, evaluate, and modify benefits policies to ensure that programs are current, competitive, and in compliance with legal requirements.92
Fulfill all reporting requirements of all relevant government rules and regulations, including the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA).90
Analyze compensation policies, government regulations, and prevailing wage rates to develop competitive compensation plan.87
Identify and implement benefits to increase the quality of life for employees by working with brokers and researching benefits issues.85
Manage the design and development of tools to assist employees in benefits selection, and to guide managers through compensation decisions.81
Administer, direct, and review employee benefit programs, including the integration of benefit programs following mergers and acquisitions.80
Mediate between benefits providers and employees, such as by assisting in handling employees' benefits-related questions or taking suggestions.80
Plan, direct, supervise, and coordinate work activities of subordinates and staff relating to employment, compensation, labor relations, and employee relations.77
Prepare detailed job descriptions and classification systems and define job levels and families, in partnership with other managers.73
Develop methods to improve employment policies, processes, and practices, and recommend changes to management.72
Formulate policies, procedures and programs for recruitment, testing, placement, classification, orientation, benefits and compensation, and labor and industrial relations.72

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Plan and conduct new-employee orientations to foster positive attitude toward organizational objectives.72
Prepare budgets for personnel operations.70
Negotiate bargaining agreements.68
Study legislation, arbitration decisions, and collective bargaining contracts to assess industry trends.63
Prepare personnel forecasts to project employment needs.63
Maintain records and compile statistical reports concerning personnel-related data, such as hires, transfers, performance appraisals, and absenteeism rates.63
Analyze statistical data and reports to identify and determine causes of personnel problems, and develop recommendations for improvement of organization's personnel policies and practices.56
Contract with vendors to provide employee services, such as food services, transportation, or relocation service.53
Advise management on such matters as equal employment opportunity, sexual harassment, and discrimination.50
Represent organization at personnel-related hearings and investigations.45

Skills

Developed capacities that facilitate learning or the more rapid acquisition of knowledge.

Active Listening75
Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
Reading Comprehension75
Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
Speaking75
Talking to others to convey information effectively.
Writing75
Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
Critical Thinking72
Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
Judgment and Decision Making72
Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Active Learning69
Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
Management of Personnel Resources66
Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
Time Management66
Managing one's own time and the time of others.
Social Perceptiveness63
Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
Complex Problem Solving60
Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
Monitoring60
Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.

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Management of Financial Resources56
Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.
Systems Analysis56
Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
Systems Evaluation56
Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
Coordination53
Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
Negotiation53
Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
Service Orientation53
Actively looking for ways to help people.
Instructing50
Teaching others how to do something.
Learning Strategies50
Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
Mathematics50
Using mathematics to solve problems.
Persuasion50
Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
Operations Analysis44
Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
Management of Material Resources22
Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
Programming19
Writing computer programs for various purposes.
Operations Monitoring13
Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
Quality Control Analysis13
Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
Technology Design13
Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
Equipment Maintenance0
Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
Equipment Selection0
Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Installation0
Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
Operation and Control0
Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
Repairing0
Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
Science0
Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
Troubleshooting0
Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.

Knowledge

Organized sets of principles and facts that apply in general domains.

Personnel and Human Resources84
Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
English Language78
Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.
Administration and Management75
Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
Customer and Personal Service69
Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
Economics and Accounting60
Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.
Mathematics58
Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
Administrative51
Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.
Law and Government51
Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
Communications and Media47
Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
Computers and Electronics45
Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
Education and Training44
Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
Sociology and Anthropology25
Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.

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Psychology24
Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
Sales and Marketing24
Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
Telecommunications22
Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.
Public Safety and Security20
Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
Therapy and Counseling20
Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.
Philosophy and Theology14
Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.
Design11
Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.
Foreign Language11
Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
Production and Processing10
Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
Medicine and Dentistry9
Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.
Engineering and Technology6
Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
History and Archeology5
Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.
Biology3
Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
Geography3
Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
Building and Construction1
Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
Transportation1
Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
Chemistry0
Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
Fine Arts0
Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.
Food Production0
Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.
Mechanical0
Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
Physics0
Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.

Abilities

Enduring attributes of the individual that influence performance.

Oral Comprehension75
The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
Oral Expression75
The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
Written Comprehension75
The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
Written Expression75
The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
Problem Sensitivity69
The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.
Speech Clarity69
The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
Speech Recognition66
The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
Deductive Reasoning63
The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
Near Vision63
The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
Inductive Reasoning60
The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
Fluency of Ideas56
The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).
Mathematical Reasoning56
The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.

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Category Flexibility53
The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
Information Ordering53
The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
Number Facility53
The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
Originality53
The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
Selective Attention44
The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
Flexibility of Closure38
The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
Perceptual Speed31
The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
Speed of Closure31
The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
Far Vision28
The ability to see details at a distance.
Memorization28
The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
Time Sharing28
The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
Visualization25
The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
Auditory Attention22
The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
Trunk Strength19
The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.
Visual Color Discrimination19
The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
Hearing Sensitivity16
The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
Wrist-Finger Speed13
The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
Arm-Hand Steadiness6
The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
Dynamic Strength6
The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
Finger Dexterity3
The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
Control Precision0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
Depth Perception0
The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
Dynamic Flexibility0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Explosive Strength0
The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
Extent Flexibility0
The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Glare Sensitivity0
The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
Gross Body Coordination0
The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
Gross Body Equilibrium0
The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
Manual Dexterity0
The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
Multilimb Coordination0
The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
Night Vision0
The ability to see under low-light conditions.
Peripheral Vision0
The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
Rate Control0
The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
Reaction Time0
The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
Response Orientation0
The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
Sound Localization0
The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
Spatial Orientation0
The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
Speed of Limb Movement0
The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
Stamina0
The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
Static Strength0
The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.

Work Activities

General types of job behaviors occurring on multiple jobs.

Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates87
Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships86
Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Getting Information83
Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
Working with Computers83
Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
Making Decisions and Solving Problems81
Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
Communicating with People Outside the Organization79
Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards79
Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge79
Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
Developing Objectives and Strategies75
Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
Analyzing Data or Information74
Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work73
Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
Processing Information72
Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.

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Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others71
Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
Documenting/Recording Information70
Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others68
Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates67
Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
Monitoring and Controlling Resources65
Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
Providing Consultation and Advice to Others65
Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
Performing Administrative Activities64
Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
Thinking Creatively64
Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
Coaching and Developing Others63
Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
Scheduling Work and Activities63
Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others61
Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
Developing and Building Teams60
Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
Training and Teaching Others60
Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events57
Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People50
Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings45
Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
Selling or Influencing Others44
Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
Assisting and Caring for Others43
Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
Staffing Organizational Units37
Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information31
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
Controlling Machines and Processes12
Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
Handling and Moving Objects12
Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public12
Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
Performing General Physical Activities12
Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials11
Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment1
Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment1
Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment0
Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment0
Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.

Work Styles

Personal characteristics that can affect how well someone performs a job.

Attention to Detail88
A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
Dependability88
A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.
Integrity81
A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
Cautiousness69
A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related decisions or doing work.
Leadership Orientation69
A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
Cooperation61
A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
Achievement Orientation60
A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.
Self-Confidence59
A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.
Self-Control59
A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.
Initiative56
A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.
Intellectual Curiosity56
A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.
Perseverance53
A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.

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Social Orientation50
A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
Stress Tolerance50
A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
Adaptability41
A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas at work.
Sincerity40
A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.
Tolerance for Ambiguity40
A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
Empathy36
A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feelings at work.
Innovation34
A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on ways to accomplish work.
Optimism22
A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even under difficult circumstances.
Humility19
A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.

Interests (RIASEC)

Holland's six occupational interest types (RIASEC) this work tends to attract.

Enterprising100
Work involves managing, negotiating, marketing, or selling, typically in a business setting, or leading or advising people in political and legal situations. Enterprising occupations are often associated with business initiatives, sales, marketing/advertising, finance, management/administration, professional advising, public speaking, politics, or law.
Conventional78
Work involves following procedures and regulations to organize information or data, typically in a business setting. Conventional occupations are often associated with office work, accounting, mathematics/statistics, information technology, finance, or human resources.
Social47
Work involves helping, teaching, advising, assisting, or providing service to others. Social occupations are often associated with social, health care, personal service, teaching/education, or religious activities.
Investigative20
Work involves studying and researching non-living objects, living organisms, disease or other forms of impairment, or human behavior. Investigative occupations are often associated with physical, life, medical, or social sciences, and can be found in the fields of humanities, mathematics/statistics, information technology, or health care service.
Artistic7
Work involves creating original visual artwork, performances, written works, food, or music for a variety of media, or applying artistic principles to the design of various objects and materials. Artistic occupations are often associated with visual arts, applied arts and design, performing arts, music, creative writing, media, or culinary art.
Realistic0
Work involves designing, building, or repairing of equipment, materials, or structures, engaging in physical activity, or working outdoors. Realistic occupations are often associated with engineering, mechanics and electronics, construction, woodworking, transportation, machine operation, agriculture, animal services, physical or manual labor, athletics, or protective services.

Work Context

Physical and social factors that influence the nature of work.

E-Mail
- Every day100%
Telephone Conversations
- Every day95%
Spend Time Sitting
- Continually or almost continually90%
Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams
- Every day74%
- Once a week or more but not every day26%
Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals
- A lot of freedom52%
- Some freedom43%
Contact With Others
- Constant contact with others48%
- Contact with others most of the time48%
Indoors, Environmentally Controlled
- Every day81%
- Never14%
Duration of Typical Work Week
- More than 40 hours67%
- 40 hours33%
Freedom to Make Decisions
- A lot of freedom33%
- Some freedom67%
Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team
- Extremely important38%
- Very important48%
Importance of Being Exact or Accurate
- Extremely important35%
- Very important45%
- Important15%
Written Letters and Memos
- Every day28%
- Once a week or more but not every day50%
- Once a month or more but not every week22%

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Frequency of Decision Making
- Every day38%
- Once a week or more but not every day24%
- Once a month or more but not every week24%
- Once a year or more but not every month14%
Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results
- Very important results33%
- Important results29%
- Moderate results29%
Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities
- Extremely important19%
- Very important52%
- Important14%
Importance of Repeating Same Tasks
- Extremely important24%
- Very important48%
- Fairly important14%
Time Pressure
- Once a week or more but not every day43%
- Once a month or more but not every week48%
Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People
- Once a week or more but not every day38%
- Once a month or more but not every week38%
- Once a year or more but not every month19%
Level of Competition
- Extremely competitive14%
- Highly competitive24%
- Moderately competitive48%
Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers
- High responsibility43%
- Moderate responsibility19%
- Limited responsibility19%
Conflict Situations
- Once a week or more but not every day29%
- Once a month or more but not every week38%
- Once a year or more but not every month29%
Deal With External Customers or the Public in General
- Very important33%
- Important33%
- Fairly important24%
Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions
- Continually or almost continually20%
- More than half the time25%
- Less than half the time20%
- Never25%
Health and Safety of Other Workers
- High responsibility19%
- Moderate responsibility38%
- Limited responsibility24%
- No responsibility14%
Degree of Automation
- Highly automated29%
- Moderately automated33%
- Slightly automated19%
- Not at all automated19%
Consequence of Error
- Very serious24%
- Serious19%
- Fairly serious33%
- Not serious at all19%
Public Speaking
- Once a month or more but not every week43%
- Once a year or more but not every month48%
Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable
- Once a week or more but not every day14%
- Once a month or more but not every week19%
- Never48%
Physical Proximity
- Slightly close (e.g., shared office)25%
- I work with others but not closely (e.g., private office)75%
Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls
- Continually or almost continually25%
- Never65%
Spend Time Standing
- Less than half the time81%
- Never19%
Spend Time Walking or Running
- Less than half the time55%
- Never45%
In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment
- Once a year or more but not every month24%
- Never71%
Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People
- Once a year or more but not every month24%
- Never76%
Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions
- Never95%
Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions
- Never90%
Work Schedules
- Regular (established routine, set schedule)90%
Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling
- Less than half the time15%
- Never85%
Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body
- Never90%
Exposed to Contaminants
- Never95%
Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures
- Never95%
Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled
- Never95%
Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions
- Never95%
Outdoors, Under Cover
- Never95%
Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles
- Never95%
Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance
- Never95%
Exposed to Disease or Infections
- Never100%
Exposed to Hazardous Conditions
- Never100%
Exposed to Hazardous Equipment
- Never100%
Exposed to High Places
- Never100%
Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings
- Never100%
Exposed to Radiation
- Never100%
Exposed to Whole Body Vibration
- Never100%
In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment
- Never100%
Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment
- Not important at all100%
Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets
- Never100%
Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection
- Never100%

Typical Education Levels Reported

Education levels O*NET survey respondents in this occupation most often reported having.

Bachelor’s degree
Master’s degree
Post-baccalaureate certificate

Technology Skills

Specific software and technology tools commonly used on the job.

Enterprise resource planning ERP software
Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne, Oracle PeopleSoft, SAP software, Workday software
Presentation software
Microsoft PowerPoint
Human resources software
ADP Workforce Now, Human resource management software HRMS, Ultimate Software UltiPro, Vantage Point Software HRA
Data base user interface and query software
Microsoft Access, Microsoft Dynamics Marketing, Microsoft SQL Server, Structured query language SQL
Document management software
Atlas Business Solutions Staff Files, Document management system software, Microsoft SharePoint
Electronic mail software
IBM Notes, Microsoft Outlook
Accounting software
Deltek Costpoint, Intuit QuickBooks
Graphics or photo imaging software
Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop
Desktop publishing software
Adobe PageMaker, Quark enterprise publishing software
Analytical or scientific software
Business analysis software, Relex Weibull
Web page creation and editing software
Adobe Dreamweaver, LinkedIn
Project management software
Experience in Software Webplanner, Microsoft Project
Spreadsheet software
Microsoft Excel
Medical software
Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
Video creation and editing software
Apple iMovie
Office suite software
Microsoft Office software
Word processing software
Microsoft Word
Data base reporting software
AdRelevance
Internet browser software
Web browser software
Billing and invoicing software
e-MDs Bill
Process mapping and design software
Microsoft Visio

Professional Associations

Organizations related to this occupation, such as industry and licensing bodies.

Related Occupations

Detailed Work Activities

More specific, granular versions of the Work Activities above.

Manage human resources activities.
Administer compensation or benefits programs.
Evaluate program effectiveness.
Maintain regulatory or compliance documentation.
Prepare financial documents, reports, or budgets.
Prepare reports related to compliance matters.
Analyze data to inform personnel decisions.
Monitor external affairs or events affecting business operations.
Liaise between departments or other groups to improve function or communication.
Supervise employees.
Document organizational or operational procedures.
Develop operating strategies, plans, or procedures.

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Develop organizational policies or programs.
Recommend organizational process or policy changes.
Conduct employee training programs.
Prepare operational budgets.
Negotiate labor disputes.
Maintain knowledge of current developments in area of expertise.
Compile operational data.
Estimate labor requirements.
Maintain personnel records.
Negotiate sales or lease agreements for products or services.
Advise others on legal or regulatory compliance matters.
Represent the organization in external relations.

This page incorporates information from O*NET Web Services by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA).

Based on federal labor and demographic data. Data source & methodology