Actuaries

Job Zone

Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed

Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.

Job Zones group occupations into one of five categories based on the education, experience, and training typically needed to perform them.

Tasks

Specific duties and responsibilities regularly performed in this occupation.

Analyze data to determine premium rates required and cash reserves and liabilities necessary to ensure payment of future benefits.94
Analyze statistical information to estimate mortality, accident, sickness, disability, and retirement rates.86
Design, review, and help administer insurance, annuity and pension plans, determining financial soundness and calculating premiums.84
Collaborate with programmers, underwriters, accounts, claims experts, and senior management to help companies develop plans for new lines of business or improvements to existing business.80
Provide advice to clients on a contract basis, working as a consultant.76
Determine, or help determine, company policy, and explain complex technical matters to company executives, government officials, shareholders, policyholders, or the public.74
Construct probability tables for events such as fires, natural disasters, and unemployment, based on analysis of statistical data and other pertinent information.67
Determine equitable basis for distributing surplus earnings under participating insurance and annuity contracts in mutual companies.66
Determine policy contract provisions for each type of insurance.64
Provide expertise to help financial institutions manage risks and maximize returns associated with investment products or credit offerings.63
Negotiate terms and conditions of reinsurance with other companies.59
Explain changes in contract provisions to customers.58

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Testify before public agencies on proposed legislation affecting businesses.52
Manage credit and help price corporate security offerings.43
Testify in court as expert witness or to provide legal evidence on matters such as the value of potential lifetime earnings of a person disabled or killed in an accident.35
Develop and maintain projection models.—

Skills

Developed capacities that facilitate learning or the more rapid acquisition of knowledge.

Mathematics85
Using mathematics to solve problems.
Reading Comprehension78
Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
Active Listening75
Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
Complex Problem Solving75
Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
Critical Thinking75
Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
Judgment and Decision Making75
Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Speaking72
Talking to others to convey information effectively.
Systems Evaluation72
Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
Writing72
Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
Systems Analysis69
Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
Active Learning60
Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
Operations Analysis53
Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.

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Coordination50
Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
Monitoring50
Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
Negotiation50
Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
Service Orientation50
Actively looking for ways to help people.
Social Perceptiveness50
Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
Time Management50
Managing one's own time and the time of others.
Persuasion47
Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
Instructing44
Teaching others how to do something.
Learning Strategies44
Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
Management of Personnel Resources44
Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
Management of Financial Resources41
Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.
Management of Material Resources25
Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
Programming25
Writing computer programs for various purposes.
Operations Monitoring22
Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
Science22
Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
Quality Control Analysis19
Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
Technology Design19
Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
Equipment Maintenance0
Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
Equipment Selection0
Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Installation0
Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
Operation and Control0
Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
Repairing0
Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
Troubleshooting0
Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.

Knowledge

Organized sets of principles and facts that apply in general domains.

Mathematics96
Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
Economics and Accounting77
Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.
Computers and Electronics61
Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
English Language53
Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.
Administration and Management51
Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
Law and Government46
Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
Administrative44
Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.
Customer and Personal Service32
Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
Sales and Marketing29
Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
Personnel and Human Resources28
Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
Education and Training20
Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
Medicine and Dentistry18
Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.

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Communications and Media17
Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
Production and Processing16
Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
Psychology16
Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
Sociology and Anthropology16
Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.
Design13
Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.
Engineering and Technology13
Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
Geography12
Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
Public Safety and Security10
Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
Physics8
Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.
Telecommunications8
Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.
Therapy and Counseling8
Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.
Philosophy and Theology7
Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.
Biology5
Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
Building and Construction5
Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
History and Archeology5
Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.
Foreign Language4
Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
Transportation4
Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
Mechanical3
Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
Chemistry2
Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
Fine Arts2
Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.
Food Production2
Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.

Abilities

Enduring attributes of the individual that influence performance.

Mathematical Reasoning97
The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.
Inductive Reasoning78
The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
Number Facility78
The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
Oral Comprehension75
The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
Oral Expression75
The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
Written Comprehension75
The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
Written Expression75
The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
Category Flexibility72
The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
Deductive Reasoning72
The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
Information Ordering69
The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
Near Vision69
The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
Problem Sensitivity69
The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.

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Speech Clarity66
The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
Selective Attention56
The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
Speech Recognition56
The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
Flexibility of Closure53
The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
Fluency of Ideas53
The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).
Originality50
The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
Perceptual Speed50
The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
Speed of Closure44
The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
Far Vision41
The ability to see details at a distance.
Memorization41
The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
Time Sharing35
The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
Auditory Attention25
The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
Hearing Sensitivity25
The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
Trunk Strength25
The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.
Visual Color Discrimination25
The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
Visualization25
The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
Depth Perception16
The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
Wrist-Finger Speed10
The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
Finger Dexterity6
The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
Arm-Hand Steadiness0
The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
Control Precision0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
Dynamic Flexibility0
The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Dynamic Strength0
The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
Explosive Strength0
The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
Extent Flexibility0
The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
Glare Sensitivity0
The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
Gross Body Coordination0
The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
Gross Body Equilibrium0
The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
Manual Dexterity0
The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
Multilimb Coordination0
The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
Night Vision0
The ability to see under low-light conditions.
Peripheral Vision0
The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
Rate Control0
The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
Reaction Time0
The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
Response Orientation0
The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
Sound Localization0
The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
Spatial Orientation0
The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
Speed of Limb Movement0
The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
Stamina0
The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
Static Strength0
The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.

Work Activities

General types of job behaviors occurring on multiple jobs.

Working with Computers95
Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
Analyzing Data or Information94
Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
Making Decisions and Solving Problems93
Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
Processing Information92
Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
Getting Information88
Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates83
Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge82
Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards81
Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others71
Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events70
Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
Developing Objectives and Strategies64
Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work64
Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.

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Providing Consultation and Advice to Others64
Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
Thinking Creatively63
Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
Communicating with People Outside the Organization57
Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
Documenting/Recording Information57
Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information57
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
Developing and Building Teams56
Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships56
Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings56
Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
Coaching and Developing Others55
Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates55
Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
Training and Teaching Others52
Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others51
Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
Scheduling Work and Activities45
Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People40
Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others35
Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
Monitoring and Controlling Resources34
Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
Performing Administrative Activities31
Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
Staffing Organizational Units30
Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
Selling or Influencing Others26
Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials13
Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
Assisting and Caring for Others11
Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public7
Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment2
Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.
Handling and Moving Objects2
Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
Performing General Physical Activities2
Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment2
Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
Controlling Machines and Processes1
Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment1
Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment0
Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.

Work Styles

Personal characteristics that can affect how well someone performs a job.

Attention to Detail100
A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
Cautiousness89
A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related decisions or doing work.
Dependability88
A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.
Intellectual Curiosity86
A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.
Integrity79
A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
Achievement Orientation71
A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.
Perseverance55
A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.
Self-Confidence48
A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.
Innovation47
A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on ways to accomplish work.
Stress Tolerance41
A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
Leadership Orientation38
A tendency to lead, take charge, offer opinions, and provide direction at work.
Cooperation32
A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.

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Initiative32
A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.
Adaptability31
A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas at work.
Self-Control31
A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.
Tolerance for Ambiguity23
A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
Sincerity22
A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.
Humility17
A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
Social Orientation17
A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
Empathy1
A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feelings at work.

Interests (RIASEC)

Holland's six occupational interest types (RIASEC) this work tends to attract.

Conventional88
Work involves following procedures and regulations to organize information or data, typically in a business setting. Conventional occupations are often associated with office work, accounting, mathematics/statistics, information technology, finance, or human resources.
Investigative58
Work involves studying and researching non-living objects, living organisms, disease or other forms of impairment, or human behavior. Investigative occupations are often associated with physical, life, medical, or social sciences, and can be found in the fields of humanities, mathematics/statistics, information technology, or health care service.
Enterprising39
Work involves managing, negotiating, marketing, or selling, typically in a business setting, or leading or advising people in political and legal situations. Enterprising occupations are often associated with business initiatives, sales, marketing/advertising, finance, management/administration, professional advising, public speaking, politics, or law.
Social25
Work involves helping, teaching, advising, assisting, or providing service to others. Social occupations are often associated with social, health care, personal service, teaching/education, or religious activities.
Realistic13
Work involves designing, building, or repairing of equipment, materials, or structures, engaging in physical activity, or working outdoors. Realistic occupations are often associated with engineering, mechanics and electronics, construction, woodworking, transportation, machine operation, agriculture, animal services, physical or manual labor, athletics, or protective services.
Artistic2
Work involves creating original visual artwork, performances, written works, food, or music for a variety of media, or applying artistic principles to the design of various objects and materials. Artistic occupations are often associated with visual arts, applied arts and design, performing arts, music, creative writing, media, or culinary art.

Work Context

Physical and social factors that influence the nature of work.

E-Mail
- Every day97%
Indoors, Environmentally Controlled
- Every day91%
Spend Time Sitting
- Continually or almost continually79%
- More than half the time21%
Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams
- Every day56%
- Once a week or more but not every day38%
Importance of Being Exact or Accurate
- Extremely important65%
- Very important29%
Telephone Conversations
- Every day48%
- Once a week or more but not every day42%
Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team
- Extremely important53%
- Very important26%
- Important15%
Freedom to Make Decisions
- A lot of freedom29%
- Some freedom47%
- Limited freedom24%
Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results
- Very important results35%
- Important results35%
- Moderate results21%
Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals
- A lot of freedom21%
- Some freedom50%
- Limited freedom29%
Duration of Typical Work Week
- More than 40 hours44%
- 40 hours56%
Contact With Others
- Constant contact with others18%
- Contact with others most of the time35%
- Contact with others about half the time32%
- Occasional contact with others15%

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Level of Competition
- Extremely competitive12%
- Highly competitive35%
- Moderately competitive44%
Written Letters and Memos
- Every day18%
- Once a week or more but not every day26%
- Once a month or more but not every week32%
- Once a year or more but not every month21%
Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers
- Very high responsibility15%
- High responsibility21%
- Moderate responsibility44%
- Limited responsibility18%
Time Pressure
- Once a week or more but not every day32%
- Once a month or more but not every week53%
- Once a year or more but not every month15%
Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities
- Very important32%
- Important26%
- Fairly important18%
- Not important at all15%
Frequency of Decision Making
- Once a week or more but not every day26%
- Once a month or more but not every week38%
- Once a year or more but not every month21%
Importance of Repeating Same Tasks
- Extremely important15%
- Very important24%
- Important12%
- Fairly important41%
Physical Proximity
- Slightly close (e.g., shared office)62%
- I work with others but not closely (e.g., private office)29%
Consequence of Error
- Very serious15%
- Serious32%
- Fairly serious32%
- Not serious at all15%
Degree of Automation
- Moderately automated41%
- Slightly automated50%
Conflict Situations
- Once a week or more but not every day12%
- Once a month or more but not every week15%
- Once a year or more but not every month62%
- Never12%
Public Speaking
- Once a month or more but not every week15%
- Once a year or more but not every month68%
Deal With External Customers or the Public in General
- Very important15%
- Fairly important18%
- Not important at all53%
Spend Time Standing
- Less than half the time82%
- Never15%
Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions
- Less than half the time12%
- Never65%
Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls
- Continually or almost continually15%
- Never79%
Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People
- Once a year or more but not every month55%
- Never39%
Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable
- Once a week or more but not every day12%
- Once a year or more but not every month18%
- Never65%
Health and Safety of Other Workers
- Limited responsibility21%
- No responsibility71%
Spend Time Walking or Running
- Less than half the time12%
- Never88%
Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions
- Never94%
Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment
- Not important at all94%
Work Schedules
- Regular (established routine, set schedule)97%
Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People
- Never97%
Exposed to Contaminants
- Never97%
Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions
- Never97%
Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures
- Never97%
In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment
- Never97%
Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled
- Never97%
Exposed to Disease or Infections
- Never100%
Exposed to Hazardous Conditions
- Never100%
Exposed to Hazardous Equipment
- Never100%
Exposed to High Places
- Never100%
Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings
- Never100%
Exposed to Radiation
- Never100%
Exposed to Whole Body Vibration
- Never100%
In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment
- Never100%
Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions
- Never100%
Outdoors, Under Cover
- Never100%
Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body
- Never100%
Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles
- Never100%
Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance
- Never100%
Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling
- Never100%
Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets
- Never100%
Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection
- Never100%

Typical Education Levels Reported

Education levels O*NET survey respondents in this occupation most often reported having.

Bachelor’s degree
Post-baccalaureate certificate
Professional degree

Technology Skills

Specific software and technology tools commonly used on the job.

Data base user interface and query software
Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle Database, Structured query language SQL
Presentation software
Microsoft PowerPoint
Financial analysis software
GGY AXIS, Oak Mountain Software AnnuityValue, Pricing software, Towers Perrin MoSes
Analytical or scientific software
IBM SPSS Statistics, Insightful S-PLUS, SAS, Statistical software
Object or component oriented development software
C++, Oracle Java, Python, R
Business intelligence and data analysis software
Microsoft Power BI, Qlik Tech QlikView, Tableau
Development environment software
Microsoft Visual Basic, Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
Spreadsheet software
Microsoft Excel
Electronic mail software
IBM Lotus Notes
Object oriented data base management software
Microsoft Visual FoxPro
Office suite software
Microsoft Office software
Word processing software
Microsoft Word
Compliance software
Compliance testing software
Project management software
Microsoft Project
Process mapping and design software
Microsoft Visio

Professional Associations

Organizations related to this occupation, such as industry and licensing bodies.

Related Occupations

Detailed Work Activities

More specific, granular versions of the Work Activities above.

Manage financial activities of the organization.
Analyze data to inform operational decisions or activities.
Analyze operational or research data.
Analyze health-related data.
Collaborate with others to develop or implement marketing strategies.
Advise customers on technical or procedural issues.
Advise others on legal or regulatory compliance matters.
Develop organizational goals or objectives.
Analyze data to identify trends or relationships among variables.
Negotiate contracts with clients or service providers.
Provide customer service to clients or users.
Testify at legal or legislative proceedings.

This page incorporates information from O*NET Web Services by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA).

Based on federal labor and demographic data. Data source & methodology